G Terms in Land Surveying

G Terms in Land Surveying

G Terms

Ā  Ā  Ā  Ā  Ā  Ā  GAĀ  ā€“ Georgia. SeeĀ Georgia Land Surveyors
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GD (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Gold.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEO (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Geothermal.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOL STR (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Geologic structure.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GLO (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ General Land Office.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GR DIST (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Grazing District.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GR LIC (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Grazing license.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GR LSE (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Grazing lease.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GR PER (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Grazing permit.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GSR MER (Land Status Records)Ā  ā€“ Gila and Salt River Meridian.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GADSDEN PURCHASEĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A purchase from Mexico in 1853 to settle a question as to the limits of the Mexican
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Cession of 1848. James Gadsden, a South Carolina railroad promoter negotiated for the acquisition of 19 million
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  acres of additional land and the settlement of the claims. The territory acquired lies in the States of Arizona and New
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Mexico. See GADSDEN TREATY.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GADSDEN TREATYĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The December 30, 1853, treaty with Mexico, under the terms of which the United States
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  acquired territory now in the States of Arizona and New Mexico. the territory thus acquired is commonly called the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GADSDEN PURCHASE.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GENERAL LAND OFFICEĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The agency which was formerly responsible for the execution of the public-land laws
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  relating to cadastral surveys, land disposals, and to various other activities with respect to the administration and
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  management of the public lands. It was established as a unit of the Treasury Department in 1812, and so remained
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  until 1949, when it became a part of the newly created Department of the Interior. It was abolished in 1946 when its
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  functions were combined with those of the Grazing Service to become the Bureau of Land Management.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC AZIMUTHĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The horizontal angle at station A measured from a north south plane (perpendicular to the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  reference ellipsoid) clockwise to an ellipsoidal normal section passing through station B. Geodetic azimuth is
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  determined by applying a correction to astronomic azimuth or by computations on the reference ellipsoid. The
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  azimuth from A toward B is the forward azimuth while the azimuth from B toward A is the back azimuth of station
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  B. SeeĀ  GEODETIC*.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC CONTROLĀ  ā€“ A system of monumented stations having known, precise positions established by geodetic
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  methods.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC COORDINATESĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ Quantities which define a horizontal position on an ellipsoid of reference with
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  respect to a geodetic datum. See GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC DATUMĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A reference for geodetic survey measurements consisting of fixed latitude, longitude and
Ā Ā Ā &nbnbsp;Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  azimuth values associated with a defined station as well as two constants for an ellipsoid of reference. See NORTH
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  AMERICAN DATUM OF 1927.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC POSITIONĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A position of a point on the surface of the earth expressed in terms of geodetic latitude and
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  geodetic longitude. A geodetic position implies an adopted geodetic datum. In a complete record of a geodetic
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  position, the datum must be stated. See GEOGRAPHIC POSITION.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEODETIC SURVEYĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A precise survey of considerable extent which takes into account the shape of the earth.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOGRAPHER OF THE UNITED STATESĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The only man to hold this title was Thomas Hutchins. He was
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  appointed to the position under the terms of the Ordinance of May 20, 1785. The office was created for the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  supervision of the cadastral survey of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio River according to the rectangular system
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  adopted by the Continental Congress under the ordinance. The east-west line at the north ofĀ  ā€œThe Seven Rangesā€Ā  is
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  namedĀ  ā€œThe Geographerā€™s Lineā€Ā  in his honor. His successor, Rufus Putnam, was given the titleĀ  ā€œSurveyor General
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  of the Northwest Territoryā€Ā  under the terms of the Act of May 18, 1796. See ORDINANCE OF MAY 20, 1785,
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  THE SEVEN RANGES, ACT OF MAY 18, 1796, THE GEOGRAPHERā€™S LINE, SURVEYOR GENERAL,
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  UNITED STATES SUPERVISOR OF SURVEYS and CHIEF, DIVISION OF CADASTRAL SURVEY.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOGRAPHERā€™S LINE, THEĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The first line surveyed under the rectangular system. This line, which extends the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  width of the Seven Ranges (42 miles), is named for Thomas Hutchins, the Geographer of the United States.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Under the Ordinance of May 20, 1785, the geographer was toĀ  ā€œpersonally attend to the running ofā€Ā  a line westward
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  from theĀ  ā€œPoint of Beginning.ā€
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES (U.S.C. & G.S. Sp. PUB. 242)Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ An inclusive term, used to designate both
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  geodetic coordinates and astronomic coordinates.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOGRAPHIC MIDDLE OF A RIVERĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ See MEDIUM FILUM ACQUAE.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The coordinates of a point on the surface of the earth expressed in terms of latitude and
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  longitude, either geodetic or astronomic.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  In determining the geographic positions of monuments of the public land surveys, reference is made to USC & GS,
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  NGS, USGS, or other acceptably determined stations.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOIDĀ  ā€“ The figure of the earth considered as a mean sea-level surface extended continuously through the continents.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  See SPHEROID and GEOID*.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. (GLO)Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The first Geological Surveys of the public lands were initiated in 1844 by the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  General Land Office, in Michigan. Similar surveys were made in Wisconsin and Iowa during 1847; in Oregon and
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Washington during 1853; in Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming during 1857. All such surveys were performed
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  under private contracts. The Geological Survey was not established as a bureau of the Department of the Interior
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  until 1879.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GILA AND SALT RIVER MERIDIANĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The principal meridian governing surveys in nearly all of Arizona; it was
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  adopted in 1865.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GOREĀ  ā€“ A hiatus. See HIATUS and GORE*.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GOVERNING BOUNDARIESĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ Usually the south and east boundaries of a township, but may be termed the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  satisfactorily surveyed lines on which subdivisions are to be based. In rare and extreme cases, therefore, an irregular
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  township may be without a single governing boundary.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GOVERNING SECTION LINEĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A township subdivision line ran as the controlling boundary to rectify a defective
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  township exterior. The line is surveyed on a bearing calculated to intersect the controlling corner on the opposite
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  boundary. The last mile is run random and true. Completion of the subdivision of a township is based upon this
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  boundary. See GUIDE MERIDIAN, SECTIONAL GUIDE MERIDIAN, STANDARD PARALLEL and
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  SECTIONAL CORRECTION LINE.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GOVERNMENT CONTESTĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ See CONTEST.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GOVERNMENT LOTĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ See LOT.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRADIENTĀ Ā  ā€“ Rate of rise or fall, as ā€œ5% gradient,ā€ meaning a 5-foot vertical rise in a 100-foot horizontal distance
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  (also recorded as 0.05). See GRADIENT BOUNDARY.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRADIENT BOUNDARYĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A boundary determined by the position of flowing water along a bank. First announced
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  in Oklahoma vs. Texas by the U.S. Supreme Court (265 US 493), as follows:Ā  ā€œThe boundary line is a gradient of
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  flowing water in the river. It is located midway between the lower level of the flowing water that just reaches the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  cut-bank and the higher level of it that just does not overtop the cut-bank.. The physical top of the cut-bank, being
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  very uneven in profile, cannot be a datum for locating the boundary line but a gradient along the bank must be used
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  for that purpose. The highest point on the gradient must not be higher than the lowest acceptable point on the bank
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  in that vicinity.ā€
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRADUAL AND IMPERCEPTIBLEĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ Describes changes in riparian lands that bring them within the scope of the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  doctrine of accretion and erosion. The test of what is gradual and imperceptible has been held to be thatĀ  ā€œthough the
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  witnesses may see, from time to time, that progress has been made, they could not perceive it while the progress was
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  going on.ā€Ā  See RIPARIAN LANDS, ACCRETION, RELICTION and EROSION.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANTĀ Ā  ā€“ Lands, title to which has been confirmed or conferred to the United States for a particular reason or purpose.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  See GRANT IN PLACE, QUANTITY GRANT and PRIVATE LAND GRANT.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANT BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A mathematical distribution of the closing error which consists of a
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  uniform rotation and scale change of the record courses to conform to the retracment value between the controlling
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  corners. See BROKEN BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT, ADJUSTMENT* and CLOSING ERROR.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANTEEĀ Ā  ā€“ A person, firm or corporation to whom land, easements or other habiliments thereof are conveyed or
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  granted.

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANT IN PLACEĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ A grant in connection with which the Congress specifically states, or implies, the legal
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  description of the public lands which are granted. See QUANTITY GRANT, PLACE LANDS and INDEMNITY
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  LANDS.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANT IN PRAESENTIĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ See IN PRAESENTI.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANTORĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ a person, firm or corporation granting or conveying land, easements or other habiliments thereof.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRANT, QUANTITYĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ See QUANTITY GRANT.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRAZING SERVICEĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ The agency formerly responsible for the administration of grazing on public lands which had
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  been designated as grazing district lands. Organized in the Department of the Interior after the passage, in 1934, of
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  the Taylor Grazing Act, it was abolished in 1946 when its functions were consolidated with those of the General
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Land Office and transferred to the newly created Bureau of Land Management.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GREAT CIRCLE*.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GREENWICH MERIDIANĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ The Prime Meridian. The meridian which passes through the original site of the Royal
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  Observatory at Greenwich, England was adopted in 1884 by a conference of nations as the initial or zero of
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  longitudes. From it other longitudes are reckoned east and west. See WASHINGTON MERIDIAN.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRID AZIMUTHĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ The angle in the plane of projection between a straight line and the central meridian (y-axis) of a
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  plane-rectangular coordinate system. Although essentially a map quantity, a grid azimuth may, by mathematical
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  processes, be transformed into a geodetic azimuth.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRID BEARINGĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ The smaller angle in the plane of projection between a line and a north-south grid line. Grid
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  bearings are determined only by mathematical computations or by applying corrections to geodetic azimuths. See
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  BEARING, BACK BEARING, GEODETIC AZIMUTH and GRID AZIMUTH.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GRID LENGTHĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ The distance between two points as obtained by inverse computation from the plane-rectangular
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  coordinates of the points. In the state coordinate systems, a grid length differs from a geodetic length by the amount
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  of a correction based on the scale factor for the given line.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GROINĀ  ā€“ A shore protective structure, narrow in width, usually built perpendicular to the shore for purposes of
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  trapping littoral drift, or to protect the shore from erosion. Sometimes incorrectly called a dike. See DIKE.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GROOVESĀ Ā  ā€“ Elongated depressions scored into the face of a stone monument where the faces of the stone are turned
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  to the cardinal. See NOTCHES.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GROUP NUMBERĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A filing and record-keeping system whereby a particular cadastral survey project is identified,
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  i.e., Group 123, Wyoming. Since the beginning of the Direct System, all cadastral survey projects authorized under
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  one specific set of instructions have been referred to by theirĀ  ā€œGroup number.ā€
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GUARANTEE OF TITLEĀ Ā Ā Ā  ā€“ A certification which insures that the title exists in fact as described. Often issued by
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  title-guarantee companies or by the state, as in the case of a Land Court certificate. See LAND COURT.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GUIDE LINEĀ  ā€“ An obsolete term for random line.
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  GUIDE MERIDIANĀ Ā Ā  ā€“ An auxiliary governing line projected north along an astronomical meridian, from points
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  established on the base line or a standard parallel, usually at intervals of 24 miles east or west of the principal
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  meridian, on which township, section, and quarter-section corners are established. See AUXILIARY GUIDE
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā  MERIDIAN.

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