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Surveyors Handbook Part 2 -Surveying Dictionary

1198838108?profile=originalIn Part 1 of the Surveyors Handbook, we gave you a HUGE list of surveying links and resources. Ā For Part 2, lets look atĀ surveying terms,Ā surveyors' slang and abbreviations,units of measure,Ā water descriptions, andĀ tree related terms for land surveyors.

Ā UPDATE:Ā  We now have a handy Mobile Land Surveying Dictionary and Glossary that you can add to your phone for quick reference from anywhere in the world, anytime.

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Surveyors' Abbreviations

You might find the following abbreviations on a plat drawing. When a surveyor resurveys a tract they will "find" evidence of earlier surveys and will "set" new markers of their own. Thus F and S are common in abbreviations.

  • B.R.L.Ā - Building restriction line.
  • B.S.Ā -Ā Back sight
  • CIPĀ - Capped iron pin
  • Con Mon FĀ - ConcreteĀ monumentĀ found
  • EIPĀ - Existing iron pipe
  • FDĀ - Found
  • IPFĀ - Iron pipe found
  • IRFĀ - Iron rod found
  • IRSĀ - Iron rod set
  • L.O.D.Ā - Limit of Disturbance. The area to be cleared, graded, etc.
  • LSĀ - Licensed/Land Surveyor #
  • MAGĀ - New concrete nails are magnetic nails and are stamped with MAG on the head and are easier to find with metal detectors.
  • N/FĀ - Now or formerly
  • NPPĀ - Nail in power pole
  • NTCFPĀ - Nail on top of corner fence post
  • NTFPĀ - Nail on top of fence post
  • PCĀ - Point of curvature. The point at which a straight line begins to curve, i.e. the point of tangency to the curve. SeeĀ PT.
  • PCCĀ - Point of compound curvature. The point where curves of different radii meet.
  • PIĀ -Ā Point of intersection
  • PKĀ - Point Known,Ā PK nail
  • PK nailĀ - A concrete nail made by Parker Kaelon, stamped PK, that marks a survey point. See alsoĀ hub and tack.
  • POBĀ - Point of beginning. The starting point of a survey.
  • PRCĀ - Point of reverse curve. The point in an S-type compound curve where two curves of different polarity meet.
  • PTĀ - Point of tangency. The point at which a curve ends and straight survey line begins. SeeĀ PC.
  • R/CĀ - Rod and cap, or rebar and cap
  • R/WĀ - Right of way
  • SRĀ - Steel rebar
  • SRSĀ - Steel rod set (rebar or other steel)
  • WCĀ - Witness corner

Water Terms

  • ArroyoĀ - A small steep-walled (usually) dry watercourse with a flat floor. A gulch or gully. Chiefly in the U.S. southwest.
  • BankĀ - Edge of a stream.
  • Bed and banksĀ - For property lines that cross a body of water, this term is used to explicitly refer to the bottom of the water.
  • BottomĀ - Land along a river.
  • BranchĀ - Small stream.
  • BrookĀ - Small stream.
  • CreekĀ - Small stream.
  • DrainĀ - Small dry stream or gully.
  • Draughts ofĀ - (pronounced drafts). SeeĀ waters of.
  • DreanĀ - SeeĀ drain.
  • FordĀ - Shallow part of a stream or river where one could cross.
  • ForkĀ - Meeting point of two streams. "In the fork of" means between two branches.
  • GutĀ - A narrow passage between hills. A stream in such a passage. AĀ drain.
  • HeadĀ - TheĀ sourceĀ of a stream.
  • HeadwatersĀ - The smallest streams that combine to make a larger stream.
  • KillĀ - (Dutch) Creek.
  • LowerĀ - Toward the mouth of a stream. Further down along its course. Opposite ofĀ upper.
  • MeanderĀ - "with the meanders of the stream" means the survey line follows the twists and turns of the stream.
  • MouthĀ - The place where a stream enters another, larger stream.
  • NarrowsĀ - Narrow part of a stream.
  • RiverĀ - Large stream.
  • RunĀ - Small stream.
  • ShoalĀ - Shallows.
  • SpringĀ - A pool or other source of water that feeds a stream.
  • SwampĀ - In the southeastern U.S., a stream, particularly one that has has swampy parts. A marsh.
  • ThalwegĀ - 1. An imaginary line connecting the lowest points of a valley. 2. The line connecting the lowest points of a stream's channel. 3. The surface midline of a channel.
  • ThreadĀ of a creek. A figurative expression used to signify the center line of the main channel of a stream when the flow rate is low.
  • UpperĀ - Toward the head of a stream. Further up along its course. Opposite ofĀ lower.
  • VlyĀ - (Dutch) Swampy lowland.
  • Waters ("watters") ofĀ - In the drainage of. On the branches of.

Tree Related Terms

  • AlderĀ -
  • AshĀ - has tough, straight-grained wood
  • AspenĀ - a type ofĀ poplar
  • BasswoodĀ - seeĀ linden
  • BeechĀ - smooth gray bark and small edible nuts
  • Birch, (burch) -
  • Black gumĀ - seeĀ tupelo
  • BlackjackĀ - a type of smallĀ oak
  • Black oakĀ -
  • Black walnutĀ -
  • Box elderĀ -
  • Box oakĀ -
  • BuckeyeĀ -
  • BuffaloberryĀ -
  • CedarĀ -
  • CherryĀ -
  • ChestnutĀ - American chestnut has been virtually destroyed by blight.
  • Chestnut oakĀ - has leaves resembling a chestnut
  • ChittamwoodĀ - seeĀ Wooly Bumelia
  • CottonwoodĀ -
  • DogwoodĀ -
  • ElderĀ -
  • ElmĀ -
  • FirĀ -
  • GumĀ - subtypes: black, sweet
  • HackberryĀ - has cherry-like fruit
  • HawthornĀ -
  • HazelĀ -
  • HemlockĀ -
  • Hickory, hiccory, hickry - has edible nuts and hard wood
  • HornbeamĀ - has hard, heavy wood
  • IronwoodĀ - seeĀ hornbeam
  • JuniperĀ -
  • LarchĀ -
  • LaurelĀ -
  • LightwoodĀ - highly resinous pine, suitable for stakes
  • Live oakĀ -
  • LowerwoodĀ - transcription error forĀ sourwood
  • Maple, (maypole)
  • Mountain birchĀ -
  • Oak, (oake) - subtypes: black, box, chestnut, live, pin, post, red, scrub, shrub, Spanish, swamp white, white
  • PawpawĀ -
  • PersimmonĀ - has plum-like fruit
  • PineĀ -
  • Pin oakĀ -
  • PohiccoryĀ - seeĀ hickory
  • Ponderosa pineĀ -
  • Poplar, popular -
  • Post oakĀ - wood used for posts
  • Red cedarĀ -
  • Red oakĀ -
  • Sapling, (saplin) - young tree
  • SassafrasĀ - bark used in medicines and beverages
  • Scrub oakĀ - usually found in dry, rocky soil
  • ServiceberryĀ - (sarvisberry)
  • Sour gumĀ - seeĀ tupelo
  • SourwoodĀ - sorrel tree
  • Spanish oakĀ -
  • SpruceĀ -
  • Sugar treeĀ - sugar maple
  • SumacĀ - (shumac)
  • Swamp white oakĀ - heavy, hard wood used in shipbuilding, furniture, etc.
  • Sweet gumĀ - hard reddish brown wood used for furniture
  • SycamoreĀ -
  • TamarackĀ - an American larch having reddish brown bark
  • TamariskĀ - small shrub found in the southwest
  • TupeloĀ -
  • WalnutĀ - black
  • White oakĀ -
  • Wooly BumeliaĀ - leaves resemble a live oak with a fine fur-like fuzz on the underside.
  • YewĀ -

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Units of Measure

  • AcreĀ - The (English) acre is a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet, or 10 square chains, or 160 square poles. It derives from a plowing area that is 4 poles wide and a furlong (40 poles) long. A square mile is 640 acres. The Scottish acre is 1.27 English acres. The Irish acre is 1.6 English acres.
  • ArpentĀ - Unit of length and area used in France, Louisiana, and Canada. As a unit of length, approximately 191.8 feet (180 old French 'pied', or foot). The (square) arpent is a unit of area, approximately .845 acres, or 36,802 square feet.
  • ChainĀ - Unit of length usually understood to beĀ Gunter's chain, but possibly variant by locale. See alsoĀ Rathbone's chain. The name comes from the heavy metal chain of 100 links that was used by surveyors to measure property bounds.
  • ColpaĀ - Old Irish measure of land equal to that which can support a horse or cow for a year. Approximately an Irish acre of good land.
  • CompassĀ - OneĀ toise.
  • CuerdaĀ - Traditional unit of area in Puerto Rico. Equal to about .971 acres. Known as the "Spanish acre".
  • Engineer's ChainĀ - A 100 footĀ chainĀ containing 100 links of one foot apiece.
  • FurlongĀ - Unit of length equal to 40 poles (220 yards). Its name derives from "furrow long", the length of a furrow that oxen can plow before they are rested and turned. SeeĀ Gunter's chain.
  • GroundĀ - A unit of area equal to 2400 sq. ft., or 220 sq. meters, used in India.
  • Gunter's ChainĀ - Unit of length equal to 66 feet, or 4 poles. Developed by English polymath Edmund Gunter early in the 1600's, the standard measuring chain revolutionized surveying. Gunter's chain was 22 yards long, one tenth of aĀ furlong, a common unit of length in the old days. An area one chain wide by ten chains long was exactly an acre. In 1595 Queen Elizabeth I had the mile redefined from the old Roman value of 5000 feet to 5280 feet in order for it to be an even number of furlongs. A mile is 80 chains.
  • HectareĀ - Metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 acres, or 107,639 square feet.
  • HideĀ - A very old English unit of area, a hide was of variable size depending on locale and the quality of the land. It was the amount of land to support a family, and ranged from 60 to 180 acres. After the Norman conquest in 1066 it became standardized at around 120 acres.
  • HundredĀ - An adminstrative area larger than a village and smaller than a county. In England it was 100Ā hidesĀ in size, and the term was used for early settlements in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.
  • LaborĀ - The labor is a unit of area used in Mexico and Texas. In Texas it equals 177.14 acres (or 1 million square varas).
  • League (legua)Ā - Unit of area used in the southwest U.S., equal to 25 labors, or 4428 acres (Texas), or 4439 acres (California). Also, a unit of length-- approximately three miles.
  • LinkĀ - Unit of length equal to 1/100 chain (7.92 inches).
  • MorgenĀ - Unit of area equal to about .6309 acres. It was used in Germany, Holland and South Africa, and was derived from the German word Morgen ("morning"). It represented the amount of land that could be plowed in a morning.
  • OutĀ - An 'out' was ten chains. When counting out long lines, the chain carriers would put a stake at the end of a chain, move the chain and put a stake at the end, and so on until they ran "out" of ten stakes.
  • PerchĀ - SeeĀ poleĀ .
  • PointĀ - A point of the compass. There are four cardinal points (North, South, East, West), and 28 others yielding 32 points of 11.25 degrees each. A survey line's direction could be described as a compass point, as in "NNE" (north northeast). To improve precision, the points would be further subdivided into halves or quarters as necessary, for example, "NE by North, one quarter point North". In some areas, "and by" meant one half point, as in "NE and by North".
  • PoleĀ - Unit of length and area. Also known as aĀ perchĀ orĀ rod. As a unit of length, equal to 16.5 feet. A mile is 320 poles. As a unit of area, equal to a square with sides one pole long. An acre is 160 square poles. It was common to see an area referred to as "87 acres, 112 poles", meaning 87 and 112/160 acres.
  • PuebloĀ - A Spanish grant of less than 1000 acres.
  • RanchoĀ - A Spanish grant of more than 1000 acres.
  • Rathbone's ChainĀ - A measuringĀ chainĀ two poles, or 33 feet, in length.
  • RodĀ - SeeĀ pole
  • RoodĀ - Unit of area usually equal to 1/4 acre.
  • ToiseĀ - Traditional French unit of length equal to 6 old French 'pieds' or feet, or 6.4 English feet.
  • VaraĀ - Unit of length (theĀ "Spanish yard") used in the U.S. southwest. The vara is used throughout the Spanish speaking world and has values around 33 inches, depending on locale. The legal value in Texas was set to 33 1/3 inches early in the 1900's.
  • VirgateĀ - An old English unit of area, equal to one quarter of aĀ hide. The amount of land needed to support a person.

Standard Surveying Terms

  • AliquotĀ - The description of fractional section ownership used in the U.S. public land states. A parcel is generally identified by itsĀ section,Ā township, andĀ range. The aliquot specifies its precise location within the section, for example, the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter.
  • Auditor's mapĀ - was made by the County Surveyor at the request of the auditor for tax purposes. Many were made in the 1800's. Very little field work was done. The map was created bu the use of various documents, piecing together other surveys, a few rough measurements in the field, etc. Generally, not accurate.
  • AzimuthĀ - The number of degrees from north (or other reference direction) that a line runs, measured clockwise.
  • Back sightĀ - After measuring from point A to B, reading the heading from B back to A. Various factors can cause the headings to not be exactly the reverse of one another.
  • BaselineĀ - In the U.S. Public land surveying system, a surveyed east-west (i.e. latitudinal) reference line, often hundreds of miles in length, from whichĀ tiersĀ ofĀ townshipsĀ are are surveyed to the north and south. There are approximately two dozen baselines in the lower 48 states. See alsoĀ meridian.
  • BearingĀ - SeeĀ azimuth. Bearings taken with a compass will be referenced to magnetic north unless otherwise noted.
  • BenchmarkĀ - A survey mark made on aĀ monumentĀ having a known location and elevation, serving as a reference point for surveying.
  • CallĀ - Any feature, landmark, or measurement called out in a survey. For example, "two white oaks next to the creek" is a call. So is "North 3 degrees East 120 poles".
  • Chain carrierĀ - An assistant to the surveyor, the chain carriers moved the surveying chain from one location to another under the direction of the surveyor. This was a position of some responsibility, and the chain carriers took an oath as "sworn chain carriers" that they would do their job properly.
  • ChordĀ - The straight line connecting the end points of an arc.
  • ConditionĀ - SeeĀ Conditional line.
  • Conditional lineĀ - An agreed line between neighbors that has not been surveyed, or which has been surveyed but not yet granted.
  • CornerĀ - The beginning or end point of any survey line. The term corner does not imply the property was in any way square.
  • DeclinationĀ - The difference between magnetic north and geographic (true) north. Surveyors used a compass to determine the direction of survey lines. Compasses point to magnetic north, rather than true north. This declination error is measured in degrees, and can range from a few degrees to ten degrees or more. Surveyors may have been instructed to correct their surveys by a particular declination value. The value of declination at any point on the earth is constantly changing because the location of magnetic north is drifting.Ā More informationĀ about historical values of declination is available.
  • First stationĀ - SeeĀ Point of Beginning
  • FlagĀ - A bright plastic ribbon tied to a lath stake. Used to mark points along a survey line.
  • GoreĀ - A thin triangular piece of land, the boundaries of which are defined by surveys of adjacent properties. Loosely, an overlap or gap between properties. See alsoĀ strip.
  • LandmarkĀ - A survey mark made on a 'permanent' feature of the land such as a tree, pile of stones, etc.
  • Line TreeĀ - Any tree that is on a property line, specifically one that is also a corner to another property.
  • MerestoneĀ - A stone that marks a boundary. SeeĀ monument.
  • MeridianĀ - In the U.S. public land surveying system, a surveyed north-south (i.e. longitudinal) reference line, often hundrends of miles in length, from whichĀ rangesĀ are surveyed to the east and west. There are approximately two dozen meridians in the lower 48 states. See alsoĀ baseline.
  • MeteĀ - In the context of surveying, a measure, i.e. the direction and distance of a property line.
  • Metes and BoundsĀ - An ancient surveying system that describes the perimeter of a parcel of land in terms of its bearings and distances and its relationship to natural features and adjacent parcels.
  • MonumentĀ - A permanently placed survey marker such as a stone shaft sunk into the ground.
  • Open lineĀ - A survey line, usually the final one, that is not measured and marked (blazed) by the surveyor but is instead calculated.
  • Point of BeginningĀ - The starting point of the survey
  • Point of intersectionĀ - The point where two non-parallel lines intersect. More specifically, the point where two tangents to a curved line intersect.
  • PlatĀ - A drawing of a parcel of land. More specifically, the drawing created by the surveyor that shows the field work, with bearings, distances, etc.
  • Plot planĀ - A diagram showing the proposed or existing use of a specific parcel of land.
  • PlungeĀ - 1) Inversion of a transit in order to make measurements that cancel errors in the transit, or to extend a line over an obstacle. 2) The angle a falling line makes with the horizontal.
  • ProtractionĀ - in the rectangular survey system, the representation of a boundary or corner not run, marked, or fixed by the field survey as evidenced by the field notes. For example, a surveyed section might be protracted into lots by someone in the office.
  • Quarter cornerĀ - in the public land surveying system, a point halfway between the corners of aĀ section. A section can be divided into four equal quarters by connecting its quarter corner points. A section's quarter corners are identified by the section line they are located on (north, south, east, west).
  • RangeĀ - In the U.S. public land surveying system, a north-south column ofĀ townships, identified as being east or west of a reference longitudinalĀ meridian, for example, Range 3 West. SeeĀ township.
  • RiserĀ - a tree branch or other similar object stuck in the ground and flagged to mark a survey point.
  • Searles SpiralĀ - A surveying technique used by railroad surveyors in the the late 1800s and early 1900s whereby they approximate a spiral by use of multiple curved segments.
  • SectionĀ - In the U.S. public land surveying system, an area one mile square. SeeĀ aliquot.
  • StripĀ - A rectangular piece of land adjoining a parcel, created when a resurvey turns up a tiny bit larger than the original survey. The difference is accounted for by temperature or other effects on measuring chains. See alsoĀ gore.
  • Tangent lineĀ - A line that touches a circle at exactly one point and which makes a right angle with the circle's radius. For example, a circle that fills a square has four tangent points and the square's sides are tangent lines. An arc (curve) in a survey is part of a larger circle. One can construct tangent lines at the end points of the arc.
  • Tie lineĀ - A survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines.
  • TierĀ - In the U.S. public land surveying system, an east-west row ofĀ townshipsĀ identified as being north or south of a latitudinalĀ baseline.
  • Total stationĀ - A survey instrument that combines a theodolite and distance meter.
  • TownshipĀ - In the U.S. public land surveying system, an area six miles square, containing 36Ā sections. The townships are organized inĀ tiersĀ andĀ ranges, identified with respect to aĀ baselineĀ andĀ meridian. For example, Township 13 North Range 6 West describes a township's location.
  • TraverseĀ - 1) any line surveyed across a parcel, 2) a series of such lines connecting a number of points, often used as a base for triangulation.
  • TrendĀ - the bearing of a line along a falling course.
  • TrochaĀ - Spanish for 'path'. In the southeast U.S. it is used for a cut or cleared survey line.
  • Witness TreeĀ - Generally used in the U.S. public land states, this refers to the trees close to a section corner. The surveyor blazed them and noted their position relative to the corner in his notebook. Witness trees are used as evidence for the corner location.
  • Zenith angleĀ - An angle measured from a vertical reference. Zero degrees is a vertical line pointing up, 90 degrees is horizontal, and 180 degrees is straight down.

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Surveyors' Slang

Surveying, like any profession, has its special terms and slang. Some are just humorous, some help distinguish similar sounds (e.g. eleven and seven), and some are just plain strange!

  • BallsĀ - Slang for numeric .00, as in 4-balls (4.00)
  • BeepĀ - Verb. To use a magnetic detector to look for iron pipe, etc.
  • BloodĀ - To slowly raise the levels rod in order that the instrument man can read the foot markings.
  • BootĀ - To raise the levels rod some number of inches so as to be visible to the instrument man, e.g. "Boot 6!" means "raise it 6 inches."
  • Blue toppingĀ - In road or grading work the surveyor sets stakes and paints their tops blue to represent the required elevation. Graders then work to just cover the blue tops of the stakes.
  • BoxĀ - Data collector.
  • BugĀ - To use a magnetic locator to search for an iron pipe.
  • BullseyeĀ - Zero degrees of inclination.
  • BurnĀ - SeeĀ shoot
  • Burn oneĀ - Measure from the one foot mark on the tape rather than from the end of the tape in order to increase the accuracy of the measurement.
  • BustĀ - Closure error, i.e. the amount by which the survey fails to perfectly close.
  • CapĀ - A metal or plastic cover on the end of a rebar or pipe, typically stamped or printed with the surveyor's license number or other identifier.
  • Cut lineĀ - To clear vegetation for a line of sight between two survey control points.
  • Double nickelĀ - Slang for .55, as in 6-double nickel (6.55)
  • Dummy or dummy-endĀ - The base or zero end of a tape or chain, as in "hold dummy at the face of the curb."
  • DumpĀ - Download data from the data collector.
  • EDMĀ - Electromagnetic Distance Measurement device, the instrument used by modern surveyors that replaces the use of measurement chains. It determines distance by measuring the time it takes for laser light to reflect off a prism on top of a rod at the target location.
  • GinneyĀ - A wooden dowel 6-9 inches in length with a sharpened end. Set in the ground to mark survey points.
  • GlassĀ - TheĀ EDMĀ prism.
  • GunĀ - Originally, a transit, but potentially any measurement instrument in use, e.g. theodolite,Ā EDM, or Total Station.
  • HoursĀ - Degrees
  • Hub and TackĀ - A 2" by 2" stake that is set in the ground and that contains a nail ("tack") that precisely marks the point being set.
  • JiggerĀ - Transit (Australia and New Zealand)
  • LegsĀ - Tripod
  • PogoĀ - Prism pole
  • PoleĀ - Approximate unit of measure (about 0.1 foot) used for stake out, e.g. "Move a pole to the left and drive that hub in"
  • PunkĀ - SeeĀ railroad.
  • RailroadĀ - Slang for eleven, as in 42-railroad (42.11)
  • RodmanĀ - The person holding the rod with theĀ EDMĀ prism. This person is the modern version of a chain carrier or chain man.
  • ShootĀ - Measure distance with anĀ EDM
  • SpikeĀ - Usually a 60 penny nail used to mark survey points in hard ground.
  • StobĀ - In the southeast U.S., a wooden stake or post, but in modern surveying, a piece of rebar used to mark a property boundary.
  • TieĀ - To locate something with the transit or other measuring device.
  • TopĀ - Slang for eleven. SeeĀ railroad.
  • TripĀ - Slang for triple digits, as in trip5 means 555, and 43trip7 means 43.777
  • TurnĀ - The rodman is told to stay in place while the gun or level is moved to a new location.
  • WaveĀ - To slowly move the levels rod back and forth in order to confirm that a measurement was made when the rod was truly vertical.
  • ZeroĀ - Zero degrees, minutes, and seconds. A perfect zero.

Ā 

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