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John Charles Fremont (1813 - 1890)

Explorer, army officer, surveyor and politician - noted for his explorations of the Far West. After his commission as second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1838, Fremont worked as a surveyor in the mountains of Carolina, and joined French explorer Joseph Nicolas Nicollet on his expedition that mapped the region between the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers. In 1841, he commanded a US Topographical Corps (later the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers) survey of the Des Moines River in Iowa. Between 1842 and 1845 Fremont led three surveys of Oregon Territory where he met frontiersman Kit Carson, who became the guide for his expeditions. During his first western expedition in 1842, he explored the Kansas and Platte rivers, charted the location of South Pass, Wyoming, and climbed Fremont Peak in the Wind River Mountains. In 1843, on his second western expedition, he explored the Medicine Bow Mountains of southern Wyoming, and was unsuccessful in his search for an alternate east-west route through the Rockies. He continued on to explore the Great Salt Lake and the eastern Cascades to Pyramid Lake, Nevada. This expedition lasted into 1844, exploring Utah’s Great Basin, the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains, as well as Utah Lake, and locating Muddy Pass through the Middle Rockies and charting the Great Basin. Fremont's third western expedition, in 1845-47, crossed the Great Basin to Walker Lake and the Sierra Nevada into Northern California. After exploring Klamath Lake, he returned to California for the Mexican-American War of 1846-48. His fourth western expedition, following the war, sought a route to the upper Rio Grande through Sangre de Cristo and San Juan Mountains of northern New Mexico. In 1850, Fremont was elected as one of the first two senators from California. But by 1853 he was on his fifth western expedition, returning to the Wasatch Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains scouting for a proposed railroad through northern Utah. Fremont was the presidential candidate of the newly formed Republican Party during the election of 1856, but he was defeated by Democrat James Buchanan. In 1864, he was again a presidential nominee, but withdrew in favor of President Abraham Lincoln. He served as the territorial governor of Arizona from 1878 to 1883.
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