Land Surveyors United - Surveying Education Community

Reduced Levels Explained

Surveying process; Levelling techniques using HOC method of booking. Explaining what Reduced Levels are, how they are calculated and why surveyors use them.

Introduction to Topographic Maps

This video provides an introduction to understanding topographic maps. Read the article here:

Topographic Mapping Defining Topographic Maps and Their Purpose

Learn LiDAR data processing in 60 minutes | WEBINAR

LiDAR processing has been a hot topic, so our team has created a simple workflow with our partners at GreenValley. In this 60-minute webinar replay, we go through the process of strip alignment, removing outliers, classification, accuracy assessments, and finally generating surface models from aerial LiDAR data. What is Lidar360 4:07 Data compatibility 6:37 LiDAR strip alignement / Boresight calibration 7:45 Removing outliers in your data 16:38 Classifying ground points 18:45 LiDAR accuracy assessment 21:33 Generating surface models (DEM, DSM, Contours) 29:03 We create content based on your feedback, if you wish to receive a LiDARR360 trial key please reach out to our team at [email protected] If you have any questions you can reach our team members at: Dan (solutions advisor): [email protected] Camille (data processor): [email protected] Van (marketing manager): [email protected] Cody (GVI: customer success): [email protected]

Surveying: Flagging Use - Tips and Tricks

5 Essential Flagging Tips for Surveyors

As a surveyor, you know that efficient flagging techniques can make a world of difference in your productivity and accuracy. In this post, we'll share some valuable flagging tips and tricks to help you streamline your surveying process and achieve better results. From flagging storage solutions to tying knots and preserving your rolls, these hacks will save you time and hassle in the field.

Flagging Storage Solutions

One simple but effective tip is to use the brass grommets on your vest pockets for easy flagging dispensing. By placing the loose end of the flagging roll facing down and towards the grommet inside your pocket, you can quickly and cleanly pull out flagging as needed. The limited space in the pocket prevents the flagging from unraveling everywhere when the end is loose, making this a win-win solution for keeping your flagging organized and readily accessible.

Tying Flagging Knots

When it comes to securing your flagging, double wrapping and double knotting is the way to go. This ensures that the flagging won't easily come loose or untied, even in windy or rough conditions. Another key tip is to position the knot on the side of the lath, rather than the face. This not only allows you to keep the knot tight but also prevents the flagging from obscuring any important information written on the lath. Instead, the flagging will flow freely in the wind, making it easily visible from a distance.

Preventing Flagging Unraveling

If you've ever struggled with flagging rolls unraveling when not in use or having to tear off and waste excess flagging each time you start using a roll, this hack is for you. Keep a standard cigarette lighter in your vest or vehicle, and use it to quickly singe the loose end of the flagging. Then, tap the heated end against the roll to seal it. This simple trick will keep your flagging rolls neat and tidy until you're ready to use them again, preserving your supplies and saving you frustration.

Essential Surveying Gear

While it may seem like a small detail, having a cigarette lighter on hand can make a big difference in your surveying work. In addition to using it for preserving flagging rolls, a lighter can come in handy for various other tasks in the field. Make sure to include one in your essential surveying gear, along with other must-have items like a reliable compass, sturdy boots, and a high-quality field book.

Flagging Best Practices

To recap, some of the most important flagging best practices include:

Using vest pocket grommets for easy dispensing
Double wrapping and double knotting for secure attachment
Positioning knots on the side of the lath for visibility
Singeing loose ends to prevent unraveling
Keeping a lighter on hand as part of your essential gear

By implementing these efficient flagging methods, you'll be able to work more effectively and productively in the field.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

What type of flagging material is best for surveying?

While there are various types of flagging material available, most surveyors prefer vinyl or PVC flagging for its durability and resistance to weathering. Biodegradable flagging options are also becoming increasingly popular for environmentally sensitive projects.

How often should I replace my flagging rolls?

The frequency of replacing your flagging rolls depends on several factors, such as the length of your project, the weather conditions, and how heavily you're using the flagging. As a general rule, it's a good idea to keep an eye on the condition of your flagging and replace it when it starts to show signs of wear or fading.

Are there any specific knots that work best for tying flagging?

While the double wrap and double knot method described in this post is a reliable choice, there are other knots that can work well for tying flagging, such as the clove hitch or the bowline knot. Ultimately, the best knot for you will depend on your personal preference and the specific requirements of your project.

Horizontal Curves Part 1

Lecture Outline:Simple CurveCompound CurveReverse Curve (Parallel Tangents)

curves our first topic here in finals

so horizontal curves is needed in

designing a road so introduce a horizontal curve

for safety purposes and shampoo to

to avoid an among inaccessible areas

so for safety reasons uh we avoid a designing roadway that that is

straight for too long so 200 meters 300 meters

400 meters at least there is a horizontal curve on that

on that roadway

[Music]

slope

[Music]

uh fundamentals of surveying will just focus on understanding the parts of a simple of a horizontal

curve rather than uh designing of a horizontal

of a overload wing which involves horizontal curve

we will just try to analyze what are the parts how to

what are the parts of a horizontal curve transportation engineering

design

this is just an introductory lesson with regards to

the transportation planning so

uh major suggestions

we have three horizontal curves

of intersection there's another point of intersection here so there is another

horizontal curve here and it is a partner this is just pi

horizontal curve so

so what are the horizontal curves

first one is the simple curve then the compound curve reverse curve

and the spiral curve so much start tires

which is the simple curve so from the

word itself it is simple so a simple curve is

derived from a sector of a circle so this is a

sector of a circle okay so this is sector of a circle and from

that uh computation

so what are the parts of a simple curve first one is we have pc or the point of

curvature so this is the starting point of a simple curve

and we have bt or the point of tangency which is the n point

of the simple curve now at easy npt uh we have tangent lines

from that point which is yeah uh

we have a line is tangent to that we call that

the back tangent which is this one the forward dungeon in the man's apartment

now the point of intersection of these tangents is called p i or p point of

intersection and the angle formed

by this uh point by by the intersection of the

tangents is called the angle of intersection which is i

so an angle of intersection i is also equivalent to the central angle

of the uh of the of the simple curve

so so other parts are we have

tangentia t so the distance from pc to pi

has the same distance from pi to pt

so that's tangent also we also have a chord length of chord l

this a line measured from b c to b

which is s l c or length of curve or the pathway

of the road itself so young curves

simple curve so we have a external distance

or uh or the distance from the point of intersection to the midpoint of

of the arc of the symbol curve also have a middle ordinate measured

from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint

or halfway the distance of the chord of the

simple curve so we have the also the reduce here okay and this is the center of the

simple curve now we also have uh

we have a offset distance so at any point of the curve

there is an equivalent offset distance which is measured from the tangent

and then perpendicular to it measure a distance from the tangent line

to that point we are determining so that's what you call

the offset distance x and it also have a

corresponding equivalent angle that is measured from

the tangent to that point so we assign that as theta or

the offset again so that is the offset angle subtended

at pc between pi at any point of the curve

now so if if the point we determine is at pt

the equivalent offset uh offset angle

is this one okay by the way the

offset angle of a point when measured

at the equivalent central angle of an offset angle is equivalent to twice its value on the

central

if we are measuring the offset distance at a point where located at pt

so from there to here so if this is the

central angle of the curve which is it which it ends at pt from pc to pt

is i over 2. so

okay so uh

what are the formulas that we will use here in simple group

soma formula um

we have this triangle okay we can use that

t equals foreign r tangent i over 2 e equals to r second i over 2 minus r

we have m times r times minus r cosine i over 2 we have l 2 r sine i over 2

and lc pi ri over 180 formulas

formula trigonometric functions

that is used in a right triangle so sine

cosine so just find it here and because

you can derive it on your own so just use this right triangle also use this right triangle from that you can derive

those formulas for e m l tangent and so on

so for the length of curve this is just the formula for length of arc

of a sector okay this is net of arc

so latin again if you can memorize it memorize it

so one factor in how sharp a curve is on a horizontal curve

is by determining its degree of curve so

the smaller the degree of curve the flatter is the curve and vice versa

so the sharpness of simple curve is also determined by its radius

large radius are flat whereas smaller edges are sharp so

smaller ranges on a horizontal curve on a simple curve it means

it has a sharper curve or only

curve so how do we determine the degree of curve

we have two methods or uh we have two basis

in determining the degree of curve the first one is by arc basis

second is true chord bases so in arc basis

we have a one station then we will measure

that equivalent central angle of that of of that sector

okay so if we have a given one station distance

which is measured along the arc okay we will find the equivalent

central angle of that or the degree of curve so here the philippines we use one

station equivalent to 20 meters so for every 20 meters we have one

station so uh

we take the ratio of one station

over the equivalent uh central angle which is d

is equals to a proportion attention is a whole circle

which is

now the equivalent central angle of that is of course the whole angle which is 360 degrees one

revolution so substitute now one station is

20 meters divided by d so it is equals to 2 pi r

over 360. now to determine d uh

cross multiply nothing we will have

20 times 360 equals to 2 pi r

t so divide both sides by 2 pi r we have 20 times 360 over 2 pi r equals

d now let's evaluate 20 times 360 over 2 pi

when we solve this that is equivalent to 1 1 4 5 0.916

over r that is the solution in determining the degree of curve

basing on the ranges of the curve so just substitute the radius and

on this value on this equation so that you will have the degree of

curve so for chord bases one station is measured along

its cord so 20 meters

okay so i think 20 meters nothing

so uh

so take the trigonometric function of sine so sine d over 2

take the half of the station because so 10

over the hypotenuse which is r so sine d over 2 equals to 10 over r

so what happened you degree of curve take the arc sine

of 10 over r then multiply it by 2.

so this is the solution in determining the degree

of curve by chord pieces

so example two tangents of a simple curve have azimuth of 120 degrees and 156 degrees

30 minutes respectively with a reduce of 400 meters

that remain the following first degree of curve using arc basis

then degree of curve through chord bases tangent distance external distance

middle ordinate long length of long chord then of curve

so before we start uh

clear

foreign

let's answer that problem so we have

here two tangents so usually some problem uh my counter not tense horizontal curve

is that there's no given figure so why you miss

120 and 156 degrees 30 minutes so forgiving your tangents

is nothing so your starting point down 120 degrees so first make sure and as you move from

the south [Music]

then after that draw another line which is measured from the azimuth 156

degrees 30 minutes again from south make sure 156

so then

yes so

given your reduce which is 400 meters

now basically someone given direction of tangents

from that we can compute the angle of intersection of the curve

opening tangents

120 degrees so therefore if i subtract

this asimo 156 degrees 30 minutes to the azimuth of the back tangent

which is 120 degrees how much

156 degrees minus 120 degrees is equals to

36 degrees and 30 minutes

okay angle of intersection equivalent

central angle okay

so annoying required what is the degree of curve through our basis

and chord bases for a and b

for the degree of curve by arc basis

t is equals to

over r so just substitute r which is 400

so the degree of curve is two point eight

six five degrees so read it in chiang mai degrees minutes seconds

i'm using chord bases so inside of that equation

we have 2 arc sine 10 over r

so t is equals to 2 arc sine of 10

over r which is 400 so the degree of curve

to our basis is also equivalent

2.865 degrees so but yes but

this a lot of magnesium degree of curve through arc bases and corn bases so

careful in following uh to what in following the instruction

or what is required on the problem basis

for the tangent distance the tangent distance has a formula of

r tangent i over 2

so substitute r 400 then tangent of

i over 2. so um i over topola divided that into 36 degrees

30 minutes divides it two i equivalently 18 degrees 15 minutes

okay okay t is equals to 131.9

meters okay so get it direct substitution that's a

formula external distance external distance

e is equals to our second i

over 2 minus one

so e is equals to 400 times second of

uh 18 degrees 15 minutes minus one okay substitution

class uh

21.186 meters middle ordinate

middle coordinate is r 1 minus cosine i over 2

so 400 times 1 minus cosine 18 degrees 15

minutes okay so the middle ordinate is

20.12 meters

length of long chord formula base then long chord two r sine

i over two so two times four hundred times

sine of eighty degrees 15 minutes so the length of long cord is

250.531

meters okay

how about g length of curve for the length of curve

length of r pi r i over 180 so pi r is 400

degrees 30 minutes

36 degrees 30 minutes

problem but as a simple curve a simple curve given a middle ordinate

of 4.5 and a deflection of gel from pc to pt of 27 degrees determine the ranges of the

first

a pc to pt which is 27 degrees so deflection angle from pc to

pt deflection angle is this one so your angle subtended from

so from 27 degrees multiplied by 2 that's equivalent to 54

degrees equivalent

curve that's 54 degrees which is that's also

the eye so we say

so what is required here is to determine the ratios since given is the middle ordinate we

can use the formula m equals to r one minus cosine i over

two now regarding r so divide both sides by

one minus cosine i over 2 to eliminate the quantity on the right

hand side of the equation material r so substitute the given 4.5

1 minus cosine i over 2 and at the moment 54 q evaluates 27 degrees

so r r is

41.287 meters

okay next

proceed

the line connecting the pc and pt on the simple curve is 120.4

meters the radius is 213.6 meters

if the stationing of the pc is 9 plus 346.1

just draw a simple curve sample then the new s i human given

the stationing which is this one nine plus three four six point two one

and we have a ranges of 213.6

another given is the line connecting pc and pt or should

you length of chord from pc to pt that's the horde of the

of a sector which measures 120.4

so required is to determine the stationing of pt

so in measuring the stationing and determining the stationing of pt all we need to do is

add the stationing from pc to the length of curve

station

okay yeah when we determine the length of curve just add that to the station of a pc

now we can determine the stationing of pt but before that uh madame

unknown the angel of intersection is unknown

knowing that we don't have angle of intersection yet so sanated vedic derived the angle of

intersection so based on the given we have length of chord

and we have a radius so from the formula of the length of chord

uh we can substitute l and r from that formula so that we will be able to

determine the unknown angle of intersection so to determine i

so divide both sides by 2r

paramagne sine i over 2 then take the arc sine

of l over 2 r which is equals to i over 2 and multiply

it by 2 r sine of l over 2 r

equals to i so substitute that

substitute l 120.4 to r 213.6

[Music]

32.74 degrees or in degrees milliseconds we have 32 degrees

44 minutes point 22.8

seconds okay

now we can find the length of curve

just pi r i over 180 degrees so pi r i over 180

we have pi r is 213.6

times i

over 180 degrees so the length of curve is

120.054 meters

okay so the stationing of pt

the stationing of ptsd was the stationing of pc which is equivalent to

nine plus three four six point one meters

plus 122.054 meters

so in adding station a class uh again i'm nine plus three four six point

one is means that the station is nine kilometers and three thousand three

hundred four hundred nine kilometers and three hundred forty six point one

meters so the time that there's a calculator it is 9346.1

then at 122.054 [Music] so when you add that

current stationing is 9 plus four six eight point one five four meters so that's the

stationary of pt okay

lappo let's proceed to

compound curve so when it comes to compound curve

uh this is just two adjacent simple curve

so makata big simple curve the parentheses

sharpness of the curve due to the design of the roadway which is

a compound curve which is which has a different which has two different uh ranges

of the simple curve of the compound curve rather so

all we need to do is extend that tangent

here and the tangent of the second curve

section

angular intersection just add the two central angle or angle of intersection on the lower

simple curve so i want plus i now mathematically uncommon tangent or

hormone tangent this one okay this is the common tangent

another we have the long chord long chord is a line measured from pc

guidance vertex to point of intersection x

so essentially

so later

[Music]

by considering this triangle formed by the chords

of each simple curve

[Music]

find the stationing of pcc and pt

station

and just add it to the station in your pc so you let of curve number

curve will be added on pc but what if

you give an seo

that's why we need to subtract this x and the tangent one

then length

lc1 and the length of curve of the second

station a given subtract x subtract t1 then add

lc1 nlc

so let's start answering this problem

okay

component curve laid on the dungeons have the following data

i 131 degrees i2 36 degrees

t13 degrees t2 4 degrees so

so give a new degree of curve

basis okay use our basis

using our bases uh

parasite ranges one so can you derive that degree of square 0.145.916

over r so simultaneously or whether it be nothing you are in terms of the

degree of curve so 101 145

0.916 over t so yeah solution

okay uh one one four five point nine one six over three degrees

the first reduce is 72 meters

r2 is 1145.916 over d equals to 1145.916

over four is four degrees

so the second ranges is 286.479

meters so this

2. so from that we can draw the figure so it wasn't my sample throwing now

but uh

then

foreign

[Music]

is tangent one plus tangent two the tangent one is r one tangent i one

over two okay you give it and you've seen all nothing

that

31 degrees divided by 2. so tangent one is

hundred five point nine three zero meters how about the tangent to

tangent two so again subscript

r2 is 286.479 tangent 36 over two

so tangent to 93 degrees 93.083

is 199.013

meters okay

[Music]

to solve the chord as i mentioned earlier

and pcc so

[Music]

okay

pcc

is equivalent to

2 times 381

972 sine 31 degrees divided by 2

the length of the first chord is 204.155

meters the length of the second chord is 2

to r1 r2 sine i

over 2 which is 2 286.479

sine 36 degrees over 2. so l2 is

177.054 meters

okay so we have l1 and l2 check now

[Music] so in order to determine the length of long word we can use law of cosines

now going back here it's adding compound curve

so the equivalent deflection angle then from the tangent to the chord

is one half the central

so when we add the three angles which is i one over two beta and i two over two that is equals

to 180 degrees

180 degrees minus i one over two minus i two

over two so solve the netting class

beta 180 degrees i one over 2 minus i 2 over 2

so 180 degrees minus minus 31 degrees over 2

minus 36 degrees over 2. beta is

146.5 degrees okay

of cosines using law of cosines so your side not then is l

so l squared equals to l one squared plus l two squared minus 2 l 1 l 2

cosine beta so

substitution then take nothing square root of both sides

eliminate you exponent 2 so the square root of

l1 is 204.155 square

plus zero five 177.054 square minus two times two oh four point one

five five times uh

one seven seven point zero five four cosine of angle

beta 146.5 degrees okay

computer calculator so i got i 365

meters so you know length

of longhorn okay angle pc pcc and pt

next question what is the length of the first curve

the length of the first curve length of arc so substitute

31 degrees over 180

so lc1 is 206.667

meters the length of the second curve can announce it

by r2 is 286 point

asana 479 times 36 degrees

over 180 degrees now lc2 is

180 meters okay 180 meters

that's the answer for letter d

[Music]

206.667 plus 180

so the total length of curve is 386.667

meters

from bi vertex so parama compute

angle of intersection which is 31 plus 36 degrees which is equal to 67

67 degrees

180 minus 67 is 130 degrees

is law of sine so x over sine of i two

is equals to give me nothing common tangent over sine of 130 degrees

over sine 130 degrees so you see 10999.013

times sine i to 36 degrees

over sine of 113 degrees

so x is 127.079

meters you

right station pt equals to station pi

minus x minus t1 plus lc1 plus lc2

so substitute stationing now

p i eight plus 750

minus x 127.079 minus t one computer now 105.930

plus lc1

206.6 plus lc 280.

so the stationing of pts station 8 plus

903.658 meters so that's

your answer for stationing of beating

okay

okay next problem for compound curve

given

the tangents of a compound curve intersect at an angle of 104 degrees so ion

those first curve has a radius of 420 meters so r1 420

the central angle of the first curve is 38 degrees so i1

if the common tangent is 200 meters long

ct 200 meters what is the radius of the second curve

can determine i2 i2 therefore is 104 degrees minus 38

degrees so i2 is 66 degrees so i'm going to

later on because

so the tangent one is r1 is 420

tangent of i1 is 38 over 2. so tangent 1 is

144 so

which is 200 substitutionary tangent 144.618

so 102 therefore is 200 minus 144.618

so subtract the two we have 555.382

meters so from tangent to the mediterranean

[Music] so divide both sides by tangent

i two over two that's the second ranges substitution

tangent to 55.382 over tangent 66

over 2 stored compute 85.281

meters so get it now no figure hidden

for this problem any questions uh compound curve

Measuring a horizontal angle and a horizontal distance using Total Stations (Double Face method)

This video elaborates, one of the essential operations of Closed linked and Closed loop traverses. It explains step by step procedure of how to measure a Horizontal angle between two pickets and how to measure a Horizontal distance between the instrument and the target prism at the forward direction. Further, it explain all the minor steps such as Check the tilt, adjusting EDM settings of the Total Stations, targeting the prisms, focusing and removing parallax error and recording the readings in field note book.

Further, this video teach you how to find the mean value of face left and right angles, and how to find the included angle (Reduced angle) between two pickets. Therefore, this video is very useful for any person who is facing for Viva, practical assessments and exams on Surveying and levelling modules. Further, I 100% assure you that you will not commit any mistake if you follow the same steps as explained in this video.

Further, I wish all the best for your exams, practical assessments and for your lifelong learning in the field of Surveying and Levelling.

How to Pace in Land Surveying

The purpose of this video is to introduce the viewers to basic distance measurement and the processes associated with the measurement process. We will be measuring distances by pacing. There are three steps in doing this.

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✉️ Email: [email protected]

Step 1 - Pace Calibration
We have established a baseline by which you can determine (calibrate) your pace length. You calibrate you pace against a known standard (200 feet) by counting the number of paces you take between two pre-established points exactly 200 feet apart. Repeat the procedure. Record the number of paces you took each time you paced the calibrated distance.

Step 2 - Pace between points
You will pace between three different points. These point will be marked with lathes and colored ribbons. Measure the distance between each of the points by pacing a minimum of two (2) times. Typically, the distances are paced once (forward) by going clockwise and once again (reverse) counter-clockwise. If the repeat distances between any of the points differ from the initial measurements by more than two paces; repeat the measurement of that particular course.

Step 3 - Analyze the Data
Determine your calibrated pace by averaging the number of paces (add the four entries and divide by 4) you recorded on the calibration line (200 feet line) and divide the average into 200 feet. The resultant, calibrated pace. This will then be used to find the distance between the points in feet, by multiplying it by the number of paces taken between the points. Then we will calculate the accuracy by subtracting our paced distance from the actual distance to get the difference. The dividing the difference from the actual distance to get the accuracy. Ghilani Book states that experienced "pacers" can achieve an accuracy of 1/50 to 1/100 - that is +/- 1 Part of Error in 50 to 100 parts of measured distance. So - if you achieve say 1/100 – that’s very good. Conversely, if you achieve 1/50 - that's not as good.

About Professor Rami Tamimi:
Rami Tamimi is an American doctorate student at The Ohio State University working towards his Doctor of Philosophy in Geodetic Engineering. With over 8 years of experience in the Land Development Industry, his experience revolves around traditional field surveying, civil design work using AutoCAD Civil 3D, and geospatial technology including LiDAR, SONOR, and Photogrammetric data acquisition and processing with the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems or Drones. He is also a University Professor and creates instructional video content on YouTube.

Intro: (0:00)
What is Pacing: (0:15)
Calibrating our Pace: (2:44)
Pacing between Points: (6:06)
Calculating Distance and Accuracy: (8:37)
Outro: (11:51)

Advance Quantity Surveying, How to Calculate Earthwork Excavation Quantity of Building Tutorial #02

Quantity Surveying is a profession that involves the management and control of costs and budgets for construction projects. It is a crucial aspect of the construction industry, as it ensures that projects are completed within budget and on time. Quantity Surveyors are responsible for estimating the costs of materials, labor, and equipment required for a project, as well as managing contracts and negotiating with suppliers and contractors. They also provide advice on cost-saving measures and help to resolve disputes that may arise during the construction process. Overall, Quantity Surveying plays a vital role in ensuring the success of construction projects by providing accurate cost estimates and effective cost management.

Survey Monument Installation

This video provides a detailed guide on how to install a standard survey monument in the city of Campbell using city standard drawings of 16 and 18. The video starts by defining survey monuments as physical objects that establish the location of boundary lines in the ground. The city of Campbell uses standard brass marker disks for their survey monuments.

Before starting the installation process, the first step is to verify that the site is free of any underground utility lines using proper equipment. Once verified, the process can begin.

The first hole should be one and a half feet wide and about one and a half feet deep. In the center of this hole, a second hole should be dug out, which should be six inches wide and about one and a half feet deep. The entire depth of the hole should be three feet.

To prepare the location where the brass marker will rest, a six-inch diameter PVC pipe is cut to about two feet in length and placed inside the smaller hole. The pipe must be centered and stable, and a plumb bob is used to accurately center the pipe. On-site, PC concrete is mixed and poured inside the six-inch PVC pipe. The concrete should be poured so that a little mound is formed over the top of the PVC pipe. Once the concrete is poured, the brass marker is placed in the center on top of the concrete, and a plumb bob is used to center the brass marker.

After setting the brass marker in place, the PVC pipe and the standard monument box are stabilized by placing 4 inches of granular material carefully outside of the 6-inch diameter PVC pipe. Then an 8-inch diameter PVC pipe is cut to about 6 inches and placed on top of the granular material, so that the smaller PVC pipe is enclosed inside of it. This serves to protect the brass marker.

The standard monument box is then placed on top of the 8-inch diameter PVC pipe, making sure that the top of the box is perfectly in line with the existing road surface. Adjustments to the PVC pipe shall be made accordingly so that the box is flush with the road. For stabilization, PC concrete is poured in the hole on the outside of the 8-inch PVC pipe and the standard monument box. The top of the concrete should be 2 inches below the road surface pavement. Finally, pavement is poured in the remaining 2 inches of the hole, and the cover is placed on top of the standard monument box.

The video concludes by showing the final result of the survey monument installation.

How to Offset and Elevation Layout with Robotic Total Station

In this video I take you with me on a simple total station setup and an easy layout of one offset from gridline and we set a few benchmarks.

Structural steel survey and layout are critical processes necessary for building a solid foundation for any construction project. The use of a robotic total station, prism pole, and optical level make it possible to achieve accurate measurements and precise results.

To start, a Trimble RTS 573 robotic total station is used, which requires proper set-up. This involves leveling the tripod, placing the total station on top, and calibrating the device using a Panasonic FCM 1 tablet and Trimble Field Link software. Once calibrated, the instrument is ready for use in storing control, offset layout, setting benchmarks, and plumbing the structure.

During the offset layout process, the robotic total station requires two known points 90 degrees apart from each other. Surveyors use a prism pole, bubble, and prism to obtain angles and perform layout on vertical surfaces. After recording the elevation of the control point, the surveyor focuses on the distance between the offset and reference lines, correcting any discrepancies.

For precise elevation measurements, the prism center's height must be within 1/8th of an inch. The surveyor inputs the rod height and measures the angle, producing an offset measurement that is accurately read by everyone, ensuring error-free results. The surveyor marks the position, checks the elevation, and cleans the marked surface for later adjustments.

Finally, a total station can also be used to measure the elevations of different points in a building. This process involves cleaning the area and holding the device steady to achieve accurate results. The device produces clear and precise points, with the option of using the control to regain lost locks.

To summarize, structural steel survey and layout require precise measurements and attention to detail. This is achieved using a robotic total station, prism pole, and optical level that make it possible to obtain accurate measurements and precise results necessary in creating a solid foundation for any building.

Surveying: Turning The Perfect Right Angle

Hi all! In this video I'm going to show you how to turn the perfect right angle and share a bulletproof technique for eliminating your instruments inherent angular error using the "Angle Angle Distance" method.

Using Conventional equipment to achieve unconventional accuracy. (3 of 3)

LeanSurvey Website: http://www.leansurveyor.com/

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How to Perform Traverse Correction in EXCEL /Transit Rule/Bowditch Rule- Closed Traverse

Traverse correction is a process used by land surveyors to adjust measurements taken during a traverse, which is a series of connected surveying lines or sides. The correction process ensures that the final traverse is accurate and meets the required standards.

There are different methods for traverse correction, including the Transit Rule and the Bowditch Rule. These methods can be implemented in a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel to perform the calculations efficiently.

To understand the process of traverse correction in Excel, let's focus on a closed traverse, which is a looped traverse where the starting and ending points are the same. The steps involved are as follows:

Data Entry: Enter the survey data into an Excel spreadsheet. The data typically includes the observed angles, the measured distances, and the coordinates of the traverse stations.
Calculation of Adjusted Angles: Calculate the adjusted angles by summing the observed angles and applying the appropriate correction. In the case of a closed traverse, the sum of the observed angles should be equal to the sum of the interior angles of a polygon, which is (n-2) * 180 degrees for an n-sided polygon.

a. Apply the Transit Rule: According to the Transit Rule, the correction for each angle is calculated as the difference between the sum of observed angles and the sum of interior angles divided by the number of angles. This correction is added to or subtracted from each observed angle.

b. Apply the Bowditch Rule: The Bowditch Rule involves calculating a correction factor (CF) for each angle. The CF for an angle is calculated as the difference between the sum of observed angles and the sum of interior angles divided by the sum of the measured distances. The correction for each angle is then obtained by multiplying the CF by the measured distance for that angle.
Calculation of Adjusted Distances: Calculate the adjusted distances by applying the appropriate corrections to the measured distances. There are different methods for distance corrections, such as the Compass Rule, Transit Rule, and Crandall's Rule, but for simplicity, we will assume the measured distances are already adjusted.
Calculation of Coordinate Corrections: Calculate the coordinate corrections for each traverse station by multiplying the adjusted distances by the cosine and sine of the adjusted angles, respectively.
Calculation of Final Coordinates: Calculate the final coordinates of each traverse station by summing the initial coordinates with the coordinate corrections.
Closure Check: Perform a closure check by comparing the final coordinates of the starting and ending points. If they are not the same or within an acceptable tolerance, further adjustments may be required.

By following these steps and implementing the necessary formulas in Excel, land surveyors can efficiently perform traverse correction for closed traverses using the Transit Rule or the Bowditch Rule.

I have shared an excel spreadsheet for Traverse Corrections and Traverse Calculations by Compass Rule or Bowditch Rule. Also I have described about Traversing: what are the types of Traverse (closed traverse, Open Traverse), Traverse calculations and adjustment of closing errors, traverse precision, latitude and departure, Bowditch Rule/Compass Rule, Transit Rule etc. I have prepared an excel spreadsheet for Traverse Corrections and Traverse Calculations, you can download the file from the above link. Surveying Traverse: How to Close a Traverse: Traverse adjustment If it relates to you then Like & Share this video and Subscribe our channel to get free updates!

GPS RTK Surveying with one base and multiple rovers

In this video I show you how to use Trimble Access to Survey with one base and two rovers

Total Station vs. GNSS Receiver: Which is the Better Surveying Tool?

Surveying equipment plays a key role in collecting accurate and reliable data for various purposes. Among the commonly used surveying instruments are Total Station and GNSS receivers. The two devices differ in their setup and operational processes, as well as in their accuracy and limitations.

Setting up a Total Station involves occupying a known coordinate point, laying out the tripod, and pointing towards a surveying prism to obtain measurements. In contrast, setting up a GNSS receiver is faster and involves attaching the receiver to a pole and connecting it to a controller. However, GNSS receivers struggle with obstructions such as tree and canopy coverage, while the Total Station is more accurate but may have errors due to relative distance measurements.

When surveying a residential home, using a Total Station around the house may be time-consuming, while using a GNSS receiver provides more control and mobility. In the summer when there is a lot of leaf coverage on trees, using a GNSS receiver becomes difficult due to tree canopies creating a forest ceiling. However, with the Leica gs18i GNSS receiver, image capture aids in data collection, providing centimeter-level accuracy in areas where the GNSS receiver is obstructed.

Comparing the accuracy of the devices, Total Station is more accurate with a difference of about one to one and a half millimeters, while GNSS receivers provide horizontal discrepancies of seven hundredths of a foot. Total Station uses a local coordinate system, while GNSS receivers provide geodetic positions. In assessing the accuracy of the GNSS receiver, point number one and point number two need to be observed and inversed between.

In conclusion, choosing the right surveying instrument depends on the specific requirements of the job at hand. Total Station may be more accurate but require more time and setup, while GNSS receivers provide more flexibility but struggle with obstructions. It is important to carefully consider all factors and limitations before selecting the appropriate tool for the task.

Setting up a total station and basics of operation

Basics of setting up and operating a total station: leveling, station orientation, backsighting, and shooting points. For the course Archaeological Excavation, Vanderbilt University.

Control Point Tutorial: CONTROL POINT AND TOOL LOCATION BEST PRACTICES

Here are 9 best practices that will help you station your total station on accurate control points on your jobsite.

Best Practices for Control Points and Tool Setup in the Field

When it comes to surveying and layout work, accuracy is paramount. Control points play a crucial role in ensuring accurate measurements and layout. In this article, we will discuss the best practices for control points and tool setup in the field, highlighting the key considerations that can help improve accuracy and efficiency.

Quick Reminders before Working: Before delving into the best practices, let's quickly recap some essential points to keep in mind when starting a new job. These reminders will set you up for success:

Use Accurate Control Points: It is imperative to use precise and reliable control points. Accuracy in control points is fundamental to achieving accurate layout results.
Allocate Sufficient Time: Take the time needed to establish your control points correctly. Budget at least half a day on your first workday for analyzing, troubleshooting, and verifying the accuracy of control points.
Collaborate with the General Contractor (GC): Share your findings regarding the control points with the GC. This communication ensures that the information can be synchronized and utilized by all trades on the job site, enhancing accuracy and boosting your credibility.
Work with the Surveyor: Whenever possible, collaborate closely with the surveyor from day one. Observe how they establish their control points, inspect their work, and gain insights into their placement strategies on the job site.

Best Practices for Control Points and Tool Setup:

Center Your Tool and Have Clean Angles: Position your total station in the center of your layout area to maximize its reach and minimize the need for frequent repositioning. Additionally, ensure that the angles between control points and the total station are clean and preferably around 90 degrees. Avoid extreme angles to minimize errors and maintain accuracy.
Have Access to 4-5 Control Points If Possible: Aim to have access to at least three control points, preferably four to five. This provides flexibility in stationing your tool at various locations on the job site. It also allows you to eliminate control points that might have shifted or become inaccurate while maintaining a sufficient number of reference points for accurate stationing.
Ensure Control Points Encompass Your Layout Area: Make sure your control points are strategically placed to encompass your entire layout area. This ensures that all your layout points fall within the control points, guaranteeing accuracy and consistency throughout the job.
Identify Secure (Unmovable) and Stable Control Points: Identify control points that are secure and unlikely to move. Avoid using control points that are susceptible to displacement or disturbance. Secure control points provide a reliable reference for accurate stationing and layout.

Implementing best practices for control points and tool setup in the field is vital for achieving accurate and reliable surveying and layout results. By following these guidelines, surveyors can enhance accuracy, minimize errors, and improve efficiency on job sites. Remember to use accurate control points, allocate sufficient time for analysis and troubleshooting, collaborate with the GC and surveyor, and strategically position your total station for optimal results. These practices will contribute to successful and precise surveying and layout work.

Control Point Tutorial - WHY DO CONTROL POINTS NEED TO BE ACCURATE?

This is a detailed video that describes what the total station does to "best fit" your control points to what the digital plan is asking for. If these are accurate, you will be able to have a very accurate layout. Knowing how the tool adjusts inaccurate control points should help you find and resolve control point errors on your jobsite. You will notice one typo: I accidentally change the 49' 6" measurement to 45' 6". Please note that it should be reading 49' 6" the whole time. Thanks again for watching!

Learning Leveling Part 2

Foreign equipped with a leveling rod and an instrument we can measure elevation differences. In this video, we'll explore the basic field processes involved in measuring those differences and then computing elevations. I'm Todd Horton for the Illinois professional land surveyors Association.

Using an optical level, we create a horizontal line of sight where our line of sight intersects the leveling rod. We take rod readings, and with these readings, we can compute elevation differences. With practice, most instrument operators can confidently read the rod when it is 250 feet away. Thus, if I need to find the rise between two locations 500 feet apart, I simply set up halfway between the points and take two readings.

But what if I can't see between those points? For instance, in this scenario, the elevation difference is greater than the height of my tripod. Or what if the locations are 5,000 feet apart? Well, to overcome these obstacles, we perform a level circuit. We perform a level circuit by measuring a series of elevation differences end to end.

In the first video, we illustrated the concept with the carpenter level. But now we do the same process on a grander scale with an optical level. To find an unknown elevation shown here on the right, we must first start from an elevation that is known, shown here on the left.

An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference surface. We commonly use mean sea level as a reference surface. For instance, the summit of Mount Everest is 29,029 feet above mean sea level, and the lowest point in the United States is Death Valley at 282 feet below sea level. By measuring vast networks of level circuits across the continent, surveyors have established heights above sea level at stable permanent benchmarks. Benchmarks come in many forms and are attached to everyday objects like bridges and fire hydrants.

Let's walk through a typical level circuit we call Benchmark leveling. You may hear this process called differential leveling or control leveling as well. Here, our survey site is half a mile from the nearest benchmark across a shallow valley. We need to determine the elevation of a newly constructed benchmark on the site. Because of the terrain and the distance involved, we'll have to set up the instrument multiple times to measure a series of elevation differences.

First, we'll set up our instrument where we can see the rod sitting atop the known benchmark. Our first rod reading is 4.69 feet. Since this reading is taken on a point of known elevation, we call it a backside (BS). With this first backside reading and the known elevation of the benchmark (842.17 feet in our case), we can say the instrument line of sight is 4.69 feet above the elevation of 842.17. Thus, the HI (height of the instrument) is 842.17 feet plus 4.69 feet, which equals 848.86 feet.

When the backside reading is complete, the rod person can move beyond the instrument operator toward the survey site. At a convenient location where the instrument is visible, the rod person will create a turning point. A turning point is a temporary intermediate point in a level circuit that we use like a benchmark. Each turning point must be stable and have a distinct peak or high point on which the rod will rest. Here, the rod person is using a cold chisel driven firmly into the ground. When it is stable, its top can have only one elevation. This concrete curb has high spots that make good turning points, and this sidewalk corner will work too.

With the rod person holding the leveling rod at the top turning point (labeled TP1), the instrument operator can make another rod reading called a foresight (FS). A foresight is a rod reading taken on a point of unknown elevation. Since we don't yet know the elevation of Turning Point 1, the first reading there is a foresight. Our foresight reading at Turning Point 1 is 6.08 feet.

Since we know the HI is 848.86 feet and the instrument line of sight is 6.08 feet above Turning Point 1, we can now compute the elevation there. We'll subtract the foresight reading from the HI: 848.86 feet minus 6.08 feet equals 840.78 feet. Now we know the elevation of Turning Point 1.

Next, in order to extend our circuit toward the new benchmark, the rod person will stay put while the instrument operator moves beyond Turning Point 1. At a new location where the rod is clearly visible, the instrument operator will set up the instrument and take a new reading on the rod at Turning Point 1.

Now, an important question arises: Will this reading be a backside or a foresight? A backside reading is a reading on a point of known elevation, while a foresight is a reading on a point of unknown elevation. So, which is it in this case?

Well, Turning Point 1 has a known elevation based on our first instrument setup. So, with a backside reading of 2.95 feet, the instrument has a new HI. The line of sight is 2.95 feet above the Turning Point 1 elevation of 840.78 feet, giving an HI of 843.73 feet. Now, the rod person can leave Turning Point 1.

Turning points are for short-term temporary use. After reading both a foresight and a backside on the cold chisel turning point, the rod person can remove it and move beyond the instrument to set a turning point at a convenient location. With a foresight of 7.17 feet, the elevation of Turning Point 2 will be 836.56 feet.

The process repeats at each new instrument setup. There will be a new backside reading and a new HI at each new instrument setup. The operator will take two readings: a backside and a foresight at each turning point. The rod person will hold the rod at the 0.42 readings, first a foresight and second a backside. In the field, the rod person and the instrument operator move separately, taking turns and moving forward in a leapfrog pattern.

With the final foresight, there are finally enough measurements with which to compute the elevation of the new benchmark. The process is fairly simple, repetitive, and efficient.

So far, you've seen the core concepts. In the next video, I'll show you how to prevent mistakes, how to record your readings, and how to compute with confidence.

I'm Todd Horton for the Illinois Professional Land Surveyors Association.

AutoCAD Tips Connect Unclose Line

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Topcon total station edm/reflection used

Topcon total station gm101 edm settings

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how to convert csv file to shp area file

To convert a CSV file to a shapefile, you can follow these steps:

Open a GIS software like QGIS or ArcGIS.
Import the CSV file into the GIS software. In QGIS, you can do this by clicking on the "Layer" menu, then "Add Layer," and then "Add Delimited Text Layer." In ArcGIS, you can do this by clicking on "Add Data" and then selecting the CSV file.
Once the CSV file is added as a layer, you need to create a shapefile to store the converted data. In QGIS, you can do this by clicking on the "Layer" menu, then "Create Layer," and then "New Shapefile Layer." In ArcGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the folder or geodatabase where you want to store the shapefile, selecting "New," and then selecting "Shapefile."
In the "Create New Shapefile" dialog box, specify the name of the shapefile, the geometry type (point, line, or polygon), and the coordinate system. Click "OK" to create the shapefile.
Once the shapefile is created, you can use the "Save As" function to convert the CSV data into a shapefile. In QGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the CSV layer, selecting "Save As," and then specifying the name and location of the shapefile. In ArcGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the CSV layer, selecting "Data," and then selecting "Export Data."
In the "Save As" dialog box, make sure to select the newly created shapefile as the output format and specify any additional settings, such as the field delimiter and encoding. Click "OK" to convert the CSV file to a shapefile.

Note: In the conversion process, you need to make sure that the CSV file contains the necessary information to create a shapefile, such as geographic coordinates for each feature. If the CSV file does not contain this information, you may need to perform additional steps to geocode the data before converting it to a shapefile.

Automatic Data Extraction of Survey Departmental Hardcopy Documents

KLP Hemantha, S Sivanantha, JAS Jayakody and ACPK Siriwadhana

What is Total Station | How to operate Total Station | Total Station Tutorial

What is Total Station | How to operate Total Station | How to use total station

A Total Station is a surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite with an electronic distance meter to measure both angles and distances between points. It's widely used in construction, engineering, and mapping to survey and collect data about topography and structures.

To operate a Total Station, follow these steps:

Set up the Total Station over the point where you want to begin your survey and level it with the built-in compensator.
Turn on the instrument and enter the necessary parameters, such as measurement units, correction factors, and others, into the instrument's control panel.
Choose the measurement mode you want to use (e.g., angle and distance measurement, slope distance measurement, or remote elevation measurement).
Aim the Total Station at the first point you want to measure and press the "measure" button. The instrument will automatically determine the angle and distance to the point and store the data.
Move to the next point you want to measure, aim the instrument at it, and press the "measure" button again. Repeat this process until you have measured all the points you need.
Transfer the data to a computer or other device for further processing, such as creating a topographic map or calculating volume calculations.

It's important to note that operating a Total Station requires training and experience. Improper use of the instrument can result in inaccurate measurements, which can have serious consequences in the construction or engineering fields.

To get more detailed information on Total Station, you can refer to the manual provided by the manufacturer or attend a training course or workshop.

Drone Survey of Large Sites

Guidelines for Drone Surveying of Large Sites

Surveying large areas present significant challenges in drone survey. Most of the difficulties can be dodged by careful and intelligent planning.

If you prefer reading, please follow the blog
https://surveygyaan.medium.com/drone-survey-of-large-sites-d168d833267b

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how to convert csv file to shp area file

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