Tutorial - Land Surveying Video Guides - Land Surveyors United - Global Surveying Community2024-03-29T10:11:04Zhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/feed/category/TutorialHorizontal Curves Part 1https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/horizontal-curves-part-1-12024-03-12T23:36:58.000Z2024-03-12T23:36:58.000ZRichard Petteyhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/RichardPettey<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12399760482?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Lecture Outline:Simple CurveCompound CurveReverse Curve (Parallel Tangents)</p><p> </p><div id="header" class="style-scope ytd-engagement-panel-section-list-renderer"> </div><div id="content" class="style-scope ytd-engagement-panel-section-list-renderer"><div id="body" class="style-scope ytd-transcript-renderer"> </div><div class="style-scope ytd-transcript-renderer"><div class="style-scope ytd-transcript-search-panel-renderer"> </div><div class="style-scope ytd-transcript-search-panel-renderer"><div id="segments-container" class="style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-list-renderer active"><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curves our first topic here in finals</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so horizontal curves is needed in</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">designing a road so introduce a horizontal curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">for safety purposes and shampoo to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to avoid an among inaccessible areas</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so for safety reasons uh we avoid a designing roadway that that is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">straight for too long so 200 meters 300 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">400 meters at least there is a horizontal curve on that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">on that roadway</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">slope</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">uh fundamentals of surveying will just focus on understanding the parts of a simple of a horizontal</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curve rather than uh designing of a horizontal</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of a overload wing which involves horizontal curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we will just try to analyze what are the parts how to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">what are the parts of a horizontal curve transportation engineering</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">design</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">this is just an introductory lesson with regards to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the transportation planning so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">uh major suggestions</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have three horizontal curves</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of intersection there's another point of intersection here so there is another</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">horizontal curve here and it is a partner this is just pi</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">horizontal curve so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so what are the horizontal curves</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">first one is the simple curve then the compound curve reverse curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and the spiral curve so much start tires</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is the simple curve so from the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">word itself it is simple so a simple curve is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">derived from a sector of a circle so this is a</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">sector of a circle okay so this is sector of a circle and from</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that uh computation</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so what are the parts of a simple curve first one is we have pc or the point of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curvature so this is the starting point of a simple curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and we have bt or the point of tangency which is the n point</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of the simple curve now at easy npt uh we have tangent lines</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">from that point which is yeah uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have a line is tangent to that we call that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the back tangent which is this one the forward dungeon in the man's apartment</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now the point of intersection of these tangents is called p i or p point of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">intersection and the angle formed</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">by this uh point by by the intersection of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">tangents is called the angle of intersection which is i</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so an angle of intersection i is also equivalent to the central angle</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of the uh of the of the simple curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so so other parts are we have</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">tangentia t so the distance from pc to pi</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">has the same distance from pi to pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so that's tangent also we also have a chord length of chord l</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">this a line measured from b c to b</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is s l c or length of curve or the pathway</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of the road itself so young curves</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">simple curve so we have a external distance</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">or uh or the distance from the point of intersection to the midpoint of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of the arc of the symbol curve also have a middle ordinate measured</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">or halfway the distance of the chord of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">simple curve so we have the also the reduce here okay and this is the center of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">simple curve now we also have uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have a offset distance so at any point of the curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">there is an equivalent offset distance which is measured from the tangent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and then perpendicular to it measure a distance from the tangent line</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to that point we are determining so that's what you call</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the offset distance x and it also have a</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">corresponding equivalent angle that is measured from</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the tangent to that point so we assign that as theta or</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the offset again so that is the offset angle subtended</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">at pc between pi at any point of the curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now so if if the point we determine is at pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the equivalent offset uh offset angle</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is this one okay by the way the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">offset angle of a point when measured</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">at the equivalent central angle of an offset angle is equivalent to twice its value on the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">central</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">if we are measuring the offset distance at a point where located at pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so from there to here so if this is the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">central angle of the curve which is it which it ends at pt from pc to pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">it</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is i over 2. so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay so uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">what are the formulas that we will use here in simple group</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">soma formula um</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have this triangle okay we can use that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">t equals foreign r tangent i over 2 e equals to r second i over 2 minus r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have m times r times minus r cosine i over 2 we have l 2 r sine i over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and lc pi ri over 180 formulas</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">formula trigonometric functions</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that is used in a right triangle so sine</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">cosine so just find it here and because</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">you can derive it on your own so just use this right triangle also use this right triangle from that you can derive</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">those formulas for e m l tangent and so on</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so for the length of curve this is just the formula for length of arc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of a sector okay this is net of arc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so latin again if you can memorize it memorize it</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so one factor in how sharp a curve is on a horizontal curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is by determining its degree of curve so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the smaller the degree of curve the flatter is the curve and vice versa</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the sharpness of simple curve is also determined by its radius</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">large radius are flat whereas smaller edges are sharp so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">smaller ranges on a horizontal curve on a simple curve it means</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">it has a sharper curve or only</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curve so how do we determine the degree of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have two methods or uh we have two basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">in determining the degree of curve the first one is by arc basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">second is true chord bases so in arc basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have a one station then we will measure</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that equivalent central angle of that of of that sector</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay so if we have a given one station distance</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is measured along the arc okay we will find the equivalent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">central angle of that or the degree of curve so here the philippines we use one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">station equivalent to 20 meters so for every 20 meters we have one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">station so uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we take the ratio of one station</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over the equivalent uh central angle which is d</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is equals to a proportion attention is a whole circle</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now the equivalent central angle of that is of course the whole angle which is 360 degrees one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">revolution so substitute now one station is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">20 meters divided by d so it is equals to 2 pi r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 360. now to determine d uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">cross multiply nothing we will have</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">20 times 360 equals to 2 pi r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">t so divide both sides by 2 pi r we have 20 times 360 over 2 pi r equals</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">d now let's evaluate 20 times 360 over 2 pi</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">when we solve this that is equivalent to 1 1 4 5 0.916</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over r that is the solution in determining the degree of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">basing on the ranges of the curve so just substitute the radius and</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">on this value on this equation so that you will have the degree of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curve so for chord bases one station is measured along</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">its cord so 20 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay so i think 20 meters nothing</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so take the trigonometric function of sine so sine d over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">take the half of the station because so 10</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over the hypotenuse which is r so sine d over 2 equals to 10 over r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so what happened you degree of curve take the arc sine</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of 10 over r then multiply it by 2.</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so this is the solution in determining the degree</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of curve by chord pieces</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so example two tangents of a simple curve have azimuth of 120 degrees and 156 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">30 minutes respectively with a reduce of 400 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that remain the following first degree of curve using arc basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">then degree of curve through chord bases tangent distance external distance</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">middle ordinate long length of long chord then of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so before we start uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">clear</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">foreign</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">let's answer that problem so we have</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">here two tangents so usually some problem uh my counter not tense horizontal curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is that there's no given figure so why you miss</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">120 and 156 degrees 30 minutes so forgiving your tangents</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is nothing so your starting point down 120 degrees so first make sure and as you move from</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the south [Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">then after that draw another line which is measured from the azimuth 156</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">degrees 30 minutes again from south make sure 156</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so then</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">yes so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">given your reduce which is 400 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now basically someone given direction of tangents</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">from that we can compute the angle of intersection of the curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">opening tangents</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">120 degrees so therefore if i subtract</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">this asimo 156 degrees 30 minutes to the azimuth of the back tangent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is 120 degrees how much</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">156 degrees minus 120 degrees is equals to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">36 degrees and 30 minutes</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay angle of intersection equivalent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">central angle okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so annoying required what is the degree of curve through our basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and chord bases for a and b</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">for the degree of curve by arc basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">t is equals to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over r so just substitute r which is 400</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the degree of curve is two point eight</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">six five degrees so read it in chiang mai degrees minutes seconds</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">i'm using chord bases so inside of that equation</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have 2 arc sine 10 over r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so t is equals to 2 arc sine of 10</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over r which is 400 so the degree of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to our basis is also equivalent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">2.865 degrees so but yes but</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">this a lot of magnesium degree of curve through arc bases and corn bases so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">careful in following uh to what in following the instruction</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">or what is required on the problem basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">for the tangent distance the tangent distance has a formula of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">r tangent i over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so substitute r 400 then tangent of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">i over 2. so um i over topola divided that into 36 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">30 minutes divides it two i equivalently 18 degrees 15 minutes</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay okay t is equals to 131.9</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters okay so get it direct substitution that's a</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">formula external distance external distance</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">e is equals to our second i</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 2 minus one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so e is equals to 400 times second of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">uh 18 degrees 15 minutes minus one okay substitution</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">class uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">21.186 meters middle ordinate</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">middle coordinate is r 1 minus cosine i over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so 400 times 1 minus cosine 18 degrees 15</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">minutes okay so the middle ordinate is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">20.12 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">length of long chord formula base then long chord two r sine</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">i over two so two times four hundred times</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">sine of eighty degrees 15 minutes so the length of long cord is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">250.531</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">how about g length of curve for the length of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">length of r pi r i over 180 so pi r is 400</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">degrees 30 minutes</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">36 degrees 30 minutes</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">problem but as a simple curve a simple curve given a middle ordinate</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of 4.5 and a deflection of gel from pc to pt of 27 degrees determine the ranges of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">first</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">a pc to pt which is 27 degrees so deflection angle from pc to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">pt deflection angle is this one so your angle subtended from</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so from 27 degrees multiplied by 2 that's equivalent to 54</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">degrees equivalent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curve that's 54 degrees which is that's also</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the eye so we say</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so what is required here is to determine the ratios since given is the middle ordinate we</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">can use the formula m equals to r one minus cosine i over</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">two now regarding r so divide both sides by</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">one minus cosine i over 2 to eliminate the quantity on the right</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">hand side of the equation material r so substitute the given 4.5</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">1 minus cosine i over 2 and at the moment 54 q evaluates 27 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so r r is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">41.287 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay next</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">proceed</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the line connecting the pc and pt on the simple curve is 120.4</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters the radius is 213.6 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">if the stationing of the pc is 9 plus 346.1</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">just draw a simple curve sample then the new s i human given</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the stationing which is this one nine plus three four six point two one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and we have a ranges of 213.6</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">another given is the line connecting pc and pt or should</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">you length of chord from pc to pt that's the horde of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of a sector which measures 120.4</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so required is to determine the stationing of pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so in measuring the stationing and determining the stationing of pt all we need to do is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">add the stationing from pc to the length of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">station</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay yeah when we determine the length of curve just add that to the station of a pc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now we can determine the stationing of pt but before that uh madame</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">unknown the angel of intersection is unknown</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">knowing that we don't have angle of intersection yet so sanated vedic derived the angle of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">intersection so based on the given we have length of chord</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and we have a radius so from the formula of the length of chord</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">uh we can substitute l and r from that formula so that we will be able to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">determine the unknown angle of intersection so to determine i</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so divide both sides by 2r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">paramagne sine i over 2 then take the arc sine</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of l over 2 r which is equals to i over 2 and multiply</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">it by 2 r sine of l over 2 r</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">equals to i so substitute that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">substitute l 120.4 to r 213.6</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">32.74 degrees or in degrees milliseconds we have 32 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">44 minutes point 22.8</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">seconds okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now we can find the length of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">just pi r i over 180 degrees so pi r i over 180</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">we have pi r is 213.6</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">times i</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 180 degrees so the length of curve is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">120.054 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay so the stationing of pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the stationing of ptsd was the stationing of pc which is equivalent to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">nine plus three four six point one meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">plus 122.054 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so in adding station a class uh again i'm nine plus three four six point</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">one is means that the station is nine kilometers and three thousand three</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">hundred four hundred nine kilometers and three hundred forty six point one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters so the time that there's a calculator it is 9346.1</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">then at 122.054 [Music] so when you add that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">current stationing is 9 plus four six eight point one five four meters so that's the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">stationary of pt okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">lappo let's proceed to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">compound curve so when it comes to compound curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">uh this is just two adjacent simple curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so makata big simple curve the parentheses</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">sharpness of the curve due to the design of the roadway which is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">a compound curve which is which has a different which has two different uh ranges</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of the simple curve of the compound curve rather so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">all we need to do is extend that tangent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">here and the tangent of the second curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">section</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">angular intersection just add the two central angle or angle of intersection on the lower</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">simple curve so i want plus i now mathematically uncommon tangent or</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">hormone tangent this one okay this is the common tangent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">another we have the long chord long chord is a line measured from pc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">guidance vertex to point of intersection x</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so essentially</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so later</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">by considering this triangle formed by the chords</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of each simple curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">next</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">find the stationing of pcc and pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">station</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and just add it to the station in your pc so you let of curve number</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">curve will be added on pc but what if</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">you give an seo</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that's why we need to subtract this x and the tangent one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">then length</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">lc1 and the length of curve of the second</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">station a given subtract x subtract t1 then add</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">lc1 nlc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so let's start answering this problem</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">component curve laid on the dungeons have the following data</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">i 131 degrees i2 36 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">t13 degrees t2 4 degrees so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so give a new degree of curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">basis okay use our basis</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">using our bases uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">parasite ranges one so can you derive that degree of square 0.145.916</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over r so simultaneously or whether it be nothing you are in terms of the</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">degree of curve so 101 145</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">0.916 over t so yeah solution</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay uh one one four five point nine one six over three degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the first reduce is 72 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">r2 is 1145.916 over d equals to 1145.916</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over four is four degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the second ranges is 286.479</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters so this</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">2. so from that we can draw the figure so it wasn't my sample throwing now</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">but uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">then</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">foreign</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is tangent one plus tangent two the tangent one is r one tangent i one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over two okay you give it and you've seen all nothing</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">31 degrees divided by 2. so tangent one is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">hundred five point nine three zero meters how about the tangent to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">tangent two so again subscript</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">r2 is 286.479 tangent 36 over two</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so tangent to 93 degrees 93.083</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is 199.013</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to solve the chord as i mentioned earlier</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">and pcc so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">pcc</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is equivalent to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">2 times 381</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">972 sine 31 degrees divided by 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the length of the first chord is 204.155</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters the length of the second chord is 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to r1 r2 sine i</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 2 which is 2 286.479</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">sine 36 degrees over 2. so l2 is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">177.054 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay so we have l1 and l2 check now</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music] so in order to determine the length of long word we can use law of cosines</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">now going back here it's adding compound curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the equivalent deflection angle then from the tangent to the chord</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is one half the central</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so when we add the three angles which is i one over two beta and i two over two that is equals</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">to 180 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">180 degrees minus i one over two minus i two</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over two so solve the netting class</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">beta 180 degrees i one over 2 minus i 2 over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so 180 degrees minus minus 31 degrees over 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">minus 36 degrees over 2. beta is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">146.5 degrees okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">um</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of cosines using law of cosines so your side not then is l</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so l squared equals to l one squared plus l two squared minus 2 l 1 l 2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">cosine beta so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">substitution then take nothing square root of both sides</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">eliminate you exponent 2 so the square root of</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">l1 is 204.155 square</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">plus zero five 177.054 square minus two times two oh four point one</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">five five times uh</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">one seven seven point zero five four cosine of angle</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">beta 146.5 degrees okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">computer calculator so i got i 365</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters so you know length</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">of longhorn okay angle pc pcc and pt</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">next question what is the length of the first curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the length of the first curve length of arc so substitute</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">31 degrees over 180</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so lc1 is 206.667</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters the length of the second curve can announce it</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">by r2 is 286 point</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">asana 479 times 36 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 180 degrees now lc2 is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">180 meters okay 180 meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">that's the answer for letter d</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music]</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">206.667 plus 180</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the total length of curve is 386.667</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">x</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">from bi vertex so parama compute</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">angle of intersection which is 31 plus 36 degrees which is equal to 67</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">67 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">180 minus 67 is 130 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is law of sine so x over sine of i two</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">is equals to give me nothing common tangent over sine of 130 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over sine 130 degrees so you see 10999.013</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">times sine i to 36 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over sine of 113 degrees</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so x is 127.079</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters you</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">right station pt equals to station pi</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">minus x minus t1 plus lc1 plus lc2</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so substitute stationing now</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">p i eight plus 750</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">minus x 127.079 minus t one computer now 105.930</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">plus lc1</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">206.6 plus lc 280.</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the stationing of pts station 8 plus</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">903.658 meters so that's</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">your answer for stationing of beating</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">okay next problem for compound curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">given</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the tangents of a compound curve intersect at an angle of 104 degrees so ion</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">those first curve has a radius of 420 meters so r1 420</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">the central angle of the first curve is 38 degrees so i1</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">if the common tangent is 200 meters long</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">ct 200 meters what is the radius of the second curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">can determine i2 i2 therefore is 104 degrees minus 38</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">degrees so i2 is 66 degrees so i'm going to</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">later on because</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so the tangent one is r1 is 420</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">tangent of i1 is 38 over 2. so tangent 1 is</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">144 so</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">which is 200 substitutionary tangent 144.618</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so 102 therefore is 200 minus 144.618</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">so subtract the two we have 555.382</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters so from tangent to the mediterranean</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">[Music] so divide both sides by tangent</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">i two over two that's the second ranges substitution</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">tangent to 55.382 over tangent 66</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">over 2 stored compute 85.281</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">meters so get it now no figure hidden</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer">for this problem any questions uh compound curve</div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer"> </div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer"> </div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer"> </div><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer"> </div></div></div></div></div></div>Create XYZ coordinates in autocad drawing without any lisp commandhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/create-xyz-coordinates-in-autocad-drawing-without-any-lisp-comman2024-03-05T20:23:26.000Z2024-03-05T20:23:26.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12397780652?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-Please watch: "How to plot GPS Coordinates from excel to Google earth" <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFtfhH3JsBc-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFtfhH3JsBc-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-</a></p></div>Measuring a horizontal angle and a horizontal distance using Total Stations (Double Face method)https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/measuring-a-horizontal-angle-horizontal-distance-total-station2024-02-27T18:26:38.000Z2024-02-27T18:26:38.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12390139694?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>This video elaborates, one of the essential operations of Closed linked and Closed loop traverses. It explains step by step procedure of how to measure a Horizontal angle between two pickets and how to measure a Horizontal distance between the instrument and the target prism at the forward direction. Further, it explain all the minor steps such as Check the tilt, adjusting EDM settings of the Total Stations, targeting the prisms, focusing and removing parallax error and recording the readings in field note book.</p>
<p>Further, this video teach you how to find the mean value of face left and right angles, and how to find the included angle (Reduced angle) between two pickets. Therefore, this video is very useful for any person who is facing for Viva, practical assessments and exams on Surveying and levelling modules. Further, I 100% assure you that you will not commit any mistake if you follow the same steps as explained in this video.</p>
<p>Further, I wish all the best for your exams, practical assessments and for your lifelong learning in the field of Surveying and Levelling.</p></div>How to Pace in Land Surveyinghttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-pace-in-land-surveying2024-02-27T18:24:03.000Z2024-02-27T18:24:03.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12390139658?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>The purpose of this video is to introduce the viewers to basic distance measurement and the processes associated with the measurement process. We will be measuring distances by pacing. There are three steps in doing this.</p>
<p>Join me on Social Media: <br />🖥️ Website: <a href="https://www.tamimi.biz">https://www.tamimi.biz</a><br />👥 Private Facebook Group: / iamasurveyor <br />📸 Instagram: / ramitamimi <br />👔 LinkedIn: / ramitamimi <br />✉️ Email: rami@tamimi.biz</p>
<p>Step 1 - Pace Calibration<br />We have established a baseline by which you can determine (calibrate) your pace length. You calibrate you pace against a known standard (200 feet) by counting the number of paces you take between two pre-established points exactly 200 feet apart. Repeat the procedure. Record the number of paces you took each time you paced the calibrated distance.</p>
<p>Step 2 - Pace between points<br />You will pace between three different points. These point will be marked with lathes and colored ribbons. Measure the distance between each of the points by pacing a minimum of two (2) times. Typically, the distances are paced once (forward) by going clockwise and once again (reverse) counter-clockwise. If the repeat distances between any of the points differ from the initial measurements by more than two paces; repeat the measurement of that particular course.</p>
<p>Step 3 - Analyze the Data<br />Determine your calibrated pace by averaging the number of paces (add the four entries and divide by 4) you recorded on the calibration line (200 feet line) and divide the average into 200 feet. The resultant, calibrated pace. This will then be used to find the distance between the points in feet, by multiplying it by the number of paces taken between the points. Then we will calculate the accuracy by subtracting our paced distance from the actual distance to get the difference. The dividing the difference from the actual distance to get the accuracy. Ghilani Book states that experienced "pacers" can achieve an accuracy of 1/50 to 1/100 - that is +/- 1 Part of Error in 50 to 100 parts of measured distance. So - if you achieve say 1/100 – that’s very good. Conversely, if you achieve 1/50 - that's not as good.</p>
<p>About Professor Rami Tamimi:<br />Rami Tamimi is an American doctorate student at The Ohio State University working towards his Doctor of Philosophy in Geodetic Engineering. With over 8 years of experience in the Land Development Industry, his experience revolves around traditional field surveying, civil design work using AutoCAD Civil 3D, and geospatial technology including LiDAR, SONOR, and Photogrammetric data acquisition and processing with the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems or Drones. He is also a University Professor and creates instructional video content on YouTube.</p>
<p>Intro: (0:00)<br />What is Pacing: (0:15)<br />Calibrating our Pace: (2:44) <br />Pacing between Points: (6:06) <br />Calculating Distance and Accuracy: (8:37)<br />Outro: (11:51)</p></div>Principles of Surveying Lecture 7 (ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS)https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/principles-of-surveying-lecture-7-angles-and-directions2024-02-27T18:07:25.000Z2024-02-27T18:07:25.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12390135465?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Introduction<br />Horizontal Angle<br />Units of angular measurement<br />Types of horizontal angles<br />latitude and longitude</p></div>Trigonometry for Students and Surveyorshttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/trigonometry-for-students-and-surveyors2024-02-10T22:43:36.000Z2024-02-10T22:43:36.000ZLee Andersonhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/LeeAnderson<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12378216894?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Lesson 001; Introduction to materials needed and introduction to the basic formation and elements of a right triangle.</p><p>Further lessons: thourough explanation of right triangles, calculations from every which way. Moving onto solving oblique triangles using law of sines, law of cosines. Subsequent lessons, converting bearing to azimuth and azimuth to bearing, converting back azimuths to foresight azimuths. Coordinate geometry, becoming proficient at solving latitude and departure, trigging in elevations, solving a variety of LSIT applicable problems. Moving onto solving curve geometry, vertical curve solutions, more examples and worked out problems with solutions.</p></div>Advance Quantity Surveying, How to Calculate Earthwork Excavation Quantity of Building Tutorial #02https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/advance-quantity-surveying-how-to-calculate-earthwork-excavation-2024-02-09T17:15:51.000Z2024-02-09T17:15:51.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12377920266?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><span id="CWRAP-24074001"><span class="cencw">Quantity Surveying is a profession that involves the management and control of costs and budgets for construction projects. It is a crucial aspect of the construction industry, as it ensures that projects are completed within budget and on time. Quantity Surveyors are responsible for estimating the costs of materials, labor, and equipment required for a project, as well as managing contracts and negotiating with suppliers and contractors. They also provide advice on cost-saving measures and help to resolve disputes that may arise during the construction process. Overall, Quantity Surveying plays a vital role in ensuring the success of construction projects by providing accurate cost estimates and effective cost management.</span></span></p></div>Land survey :- Solving line of collimation table.https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/land-survey-solving-line-of-collimation-table-12023-11-29T21:20:17.000Z2023-11-29T21:20:17.000ZRichard Petteyhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/RichardPettey<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12305426701?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>thank you for visiting engineer boy.what video should i make next?access to my courses: click link belowhttps://www.udemy.com/user/engineer-boy-2/Facebook : ...</p></div>Understanding Datum and Sea Level in Surveying for Construction and Engineeringhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/understanding-datum-and-sea-level-in-surveying-for-construction-a2023-10-23T16:30:59.000Z2023-10-23T16:30:59.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12263947882?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>This video will help you to understand datum and sea level in surveying during surveying work on site. Site engineering involves using various instruments an...</p></div>AI in Surveying | OpenAI | ChatGPThttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/ai-in-surveying-openai-chatgpt2023-09-11T18:32:51.000Z2023-09-11T18:32:51.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12222115066?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string--link-inherit-color" style="color:#000000;">It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.</span></span></p></div>I Surveyed 120 Acres with a Dronehttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/i-surveyed-120-acres-with-a-drone-12023-09-11T18:31:01.000Z2023-09-11T18:31:01.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12222113652?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string--link-inherit-color" style="color:#000000;">About Rami Tamimi: Rami Tamimi is an American doctorate student at The Ohio State University working towards his Doctor of Philosophy in Geodetic Engineering. With over a decade of experience in the Land Development Industry, his experience revolves around traditional field surveying, civil design work using AutoCAD Civil 3D, and geospatial technology including LiDAR, SONOR, and Photogrammetric data acquisition and processing with the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems or Drones. He is also a University Instructor and creates instructional video content on YouTube. </span></span></p></div>How to calculate land area? #AREA-CALCULATIONhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-calculate-land-area-area-calculation-22023-07-25T21:41:14.000Z2023-07-25T21:41:14.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12160873496?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>welcome to the Engineer boy.Please follow on.... YouTube: @engineerboyofficialTikTok: @engineerboyofficialInsta : @engineerboyofficialFacebook: @engineerboyo...</p></div>Survey Monument Installationhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/survey-monument-installation2023-06-19T16:26:36.000Z2023-06-19T16:26:36.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/12030051283?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>This video provides a detailed guide on how to install a standard survey monument in the city of Campbell using city standard drawings of 16 and 18. The video starts by defining survey monuments as physical objects that establish the location of boundary lines in the ground. The city of Campbell uses standard brass marker disks for their survey monuments.</p>
<p>Before starting the installation process, the first step is to verify that the site is free of any underground utility lines using proper equipment. Once verified, the process can begin.</p>
<p>The first hole should be one and a half feet wide and about one and a half feet deep. In the center of this hole, a second hole should be dug out, which should be six inches wide and about one and a half feet deep. The entire depth of the hole should be three feet.</p>
<p>To prepare the location where the brass marker will rest, a six-inch diameter PVC pipe is cut to about two feet in length and placed inside the smaller hole. The pipe must be centered and stable, and a plumb bob is used to accurately center the pipe. On-site, PC concrete is mixed and poured inside the six-inch PVC pipe. The concrete should be poured so that a little mound is formed over the top of the PVC pipe. Once the concrete is poured, the brass marker is placed in the center on top of the concrete, and a plumb bob is used to center the brass marker.</p>
<p>After setting the brass marker in place, the PVC pipe and the standard monument box are stabilized by placing 4 inches of granular material carefully outside of the 6-inch diameter PVC pipe. Then an 8-inch diameter PVC pipe is cut to about 6 inches and placed on top of the granular material, so that the smaller PVC pipe is enclosed inside of it. This serves to protect the brass marker.</p>
<p>The standard monument box is then placed on top of the 8-inch diameter PVC pipe, making sure that the top of the box is perfectly in line with the existing road surface. Adjustments to the PVC pipe shall be made accordingly so that the box is flush with the road. For stabilization, PC concrete is poured in the hole on the outside of the 8-inch PVC pipe and the standard monument box. The top of the concrete should be 2 inches below the road surface pavement. Finally, pavement is poured in the remaining 2 inches of the hole, and the cover is placed on top of the standard monument box.</p>
<p>The video concludes by showing the final result of the survey monument installation.</p></div>How to Offset and Elevation Layout with Robotic Total Stationhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-offset-and-elevation-layout-with-robotic-total-station2023-06-13T19:10:32.000Z2023-06-13T19:10:32.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11802165060?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>In this video I take you with me on a simple total station setup and an easy layout of one offset from gridline and we set a few benchmarks.</p>
<p>Structural steel survey and layout are critical processes necessary for building a solid foundation for any construction project. The use of a robotic total station, prism pole, and optical level make it possible to achieve accurate measurements and precise results.</p>
<p>To start, a Trimble RTS 573 robotic total station is used, which requires proper set-up. This involves leveling the tripod, placing the total station on top, and calibrating the device using a Panasonic FCM 1 tablet and Trimble Field Link software. Once calibrated, the instrument is ready for use in storing control, offset layout, setting benchmarks, and plumbing the structure.</p>
<p>During the offset layout process, the robotic total station requires two known points 90 degrees apart from each other. Surveyors use a prism pole, bubble, and prism to obtain angles and perform layout on vertical surfaces. After recording the elevation of the control point, the surveyor focuses on the distance between the offset and reference lines, correcting any discrepancies.</p>
<p>For precise elevation measurements, the prism center's height must be within 1/8th of an inch. The surveyor inputs the rod height and measures the angle, producing an offset measurement that is accurately read by everyone, ensuring error-free results. The surveyor marks the position, checks the elevation, and cleans the marked surface for later adjustments.</p>
<p>Finally, a total station can also be used to measure the elevations of different points in a building. This process involves cleaning the area and holding the device steady to achieve accurate results. The device produces clear and precise points, with the option of using the control to regain lost locks.</p>
<p>To summarize, structural steel survey and layout require precise measurements and attention to detail. This is achieved using a robotic total station, prism pole, and optical level that make it possible to obtain accurate measurements and precise results necessary in creating a solid foundation for any building.</p></div>Surveying: Turning The Perfect Right Anglehttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/surveying-turning-the-perfect-right-angle2023-06-12T22:52:54.000Z2023-06-12T22:52:54.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11766677486?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><div>Hi all! In this video I'm going to show you how to turn the perfect right angle and share a bulletproof technique for eliminating your instruments inherent angular error using the "Angle Angle Distance" method.</div>
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<div>Using Conventional equipment to achieve unconventional accuracy. (3 of 3)</div>
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<div>LeanSurvey Website: <a href="http://www.leansurveyor.com/">http://www.leansurveyor.com/</a></div>
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<div>#leanSurvey #surveying #perfectrightangle #tunring90 #rightangles #totalstation #turningangles #fieldengineer #fieldengineering #layout #buildinglayout #gridline</div>
<div class="correctify"> </div></div>How to Perform Traverse Correction in EXCEL /Transit Rule/Bowditch Rule- Closed Traversehttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-perform-traverse-correction-in-excel-transit-rule-bowditch2023-06-05T20:05:34.000Z2023-06-05T20:05:34.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11421694666?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3">
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<p>Traverse correction is a process used by land surveyors to adjust measurements taken during a traverse, which is a series of connected surveying lines or sides. The correction process ensures that the final traverse is accurate and meets the required standards.</p>
<p>There are different methods for traverse correction, including the Transit Rule and the Bowditch Rule. These methods can be implemented in a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel to perform the calculations efficiently.</p>
<p>To understand the process of traverse correction in Excel, let's focus on a closed traverse, which is a looped traverse where the starting and ending points are the same. The steps involved are as follows:</p>
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<p>Data Entry: Enter the survey data into an Excel spreadsheet. The data typically includes the observed angles, the measured distances, and the coordinates of the traverse stations.</p>
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<p>Calculation of Adjusted Angles: Calculate the adjusted angles by summing the observed angles and applying the appropriate correction. In the case of a closed traverse, the sum of the observed angles should be equal to the sum of the interior angles of a polygon, which is (n-2) * 180 degrees for an n-sided polygon.</p>
<p>a. Apply the Transit Rule: According to the Transit Rule, the correction for each angle is calculated as the difference between the sum of observed angles and the sum of interior angles divided by the number of angles. This correction is added to or subtracted from each observed angle.</p>
<p>b. Apply the Bowditch Rule: The Bowditch Rule involves calculating a correction factor (CF) for each angle. The CF for an angle is calculated as the difference between the sum of observed angles and the sum of interior angles divided by the sum of the measured distances. The correction for each angle is then obtained by multiplying the CF by the measured distance for that angle.</p>
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<p>Calculation of Adjusted Distances: Calculate the adjusted distances by applying the appropriate corrections to the measured distances. There are different methods for distance corrections, such as the Compass Rule, Transit Rule, and Crandall's Rule, but for simplicity, we will assume the measured distances are already adjusted.</p>
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<p>Calculation of Coordinate Corrections: Calculate the coordinate corrections for each traverse station by multiplying the adjusted distances by the cosine and sine of the adjusted angles, respectively.</p>
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<p>Calculation of Final Coordinates: Calculate the final coordinates of each traverse station by summing the initial coordinates with the coordinate corrections.</p>
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<p>Closure Check: Perform a closure check by comparing the final coordinates of the starting and ending points. If they are not the same or within an acceptable tolerance, further adjustments may be required.</p>
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<p>By following these steps and implementing the necessary formulas in Excel, land surveyors can efficiently perform traverse correction for closed traverses using the Transit Rule or the Bowditch Rule.</p>
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<p><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap">I have shared an excel spreadsheet for Traverse Corrections and Traverse Calculations by Compass Rule or Bowditch Rule. Also I have described about Traversing: what are the types of Traverse (closed traverse, Open Traverse), Traverse calculations and adjustment of closing errors, traverse precision, latitude and departure, Bowditch Rule/Compass Rule, Transit Rule etc. I have prepared an excel spreadsheet for Traverse Corrections and Traverse Calculations, you can download the file from the above link. Surveying Traverse: How to Close a Traverse: Traverse adjustment If it relates to you then Like & Share this video and Subscribe our channel to get free updates!</span></p></div>Land Survey Problemshttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/land-survey-problems2023-06-02T16:40:26.000Z2023-06-02T16:40:26.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11285982870?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>using law of sines and SOHCAHTOA for land surveying, using extension of Pythagorean Theorem for finding diagonal of a room/shoebox</p></div>Control Point Tutorial: CONTROL POINT AND TOOL LOCATION BEST PRACTICEShttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/control-point-tutorial-control-point-and-tool-location-best-pract2023-05-25T21:30:40.000Z2023-05-25T21:30:40.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11148618296?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><em>Here are 9 best practices that will help you station your total station on accurate control points on your jobsite.</em></p>
<p><strong>Best Practices for Control Points and Tool Setup in the Field</strong></p>
<p>When it comes to surveying and layout work, accuracy is paramount. Control points play a crucial role in ensuring accurate measurements and layout. In this article, we will discuss the best practices for control points and tool setup in the field, highlighting the key considerations that can help improve accuracy and efficiency.</p>
<p>Quick Reminders before Working: Before delving into the best practices, let's quickly recap some essential points to keep in mind when starting a new job. These reminders will set you up for success:</p>
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<p>Use Accurate Control Points: It is imperative to use precise and reliable control points. Accuracy in control points is fundamental to achieving accurate layout results.</p>
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<p>Allocate Sufficient Time: Take the time needed to establish your control points correctly. Budget at least half a day on your first workday for analyzing, troubleshooting, and verifying the accuracy of control points.</p>
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<p>Collaborate with the General Contractor (GC): Share your findings regarding the control points with the GC. This communication ensures that the information can be synchronized and utilized by all trades on the job site, enhancing accuracy and boosting your credibility.</p>
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<p>Work with the Surveyor: Whenever possible, collaborate closely with the surveyor from day one. Observe how they establish their control points, inspect their work, and gain insights into their placement strategies on the job site.</p>
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<p><strong>Best Practices for Control Points and Tool Setup:</strong></p>
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<p>Center Your Tool and Have Clean Angles: Position your total station in the center of your layout area to maximize its reach and minimize the need for frequent repositioning. Additionally, ensure that the angles between control points and the total station are clean and preferably around 90 degrees. Avoid extreme angles to minimize errors and maintain accuracy.</p>
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<p>Have Access to 4-5 Control Points If Possible: Aim to have access to at least three control points, preferably four to five. This provides flexibility in stationing your tool at various locations on the job site. It also allows you to eliminate control points that might have shifted or become inaccurate while maintaining a sufficient number of reference points for accurate stationing.</p>
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<p>Ensure Control Points Encompass Your Layout Area: Make sure your control points are strategically placed to encompass your entire layout area. This ensures that all your layout points fall within the control points, guaranteeing accuracy and consistency throughout the job.</p>
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<p>Identify Secure (Unmovable) and Stable Control Points: Identify control points that are secure and unlikely to move. Avoid using control points that are susceptible to displacement or disturbance. Secure control points provide a reliable reference for accurate stationing and layout.</p>
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<p>Implementing best practices for control points and tool setup in the field is vital for achieving accurate and reliable surveying and layout results. By following these guidelines, surveyors can enhance accuracy, minimize errors, and improve efficiency on job sites. Remember to use accurate control points, allocate sufficient time for analysis and troubleshooting, collaborate with the GC and surveyor, and strategically position your total station for optimal results. These practices will contribute to successful and precise surveying and layout work.</p></div>Control Point Tutorial - WHY DO CONTROL POINTS NEED TO BE ACCURATE?https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/control-point-tutorial-why-do-control-points-need-to-be-accurate2023-05-25T19:49:43.000Z2023-05-25T19:49:43.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11148593893?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap">This is a detailed video that describes what the total station does to "best fit" your control points to what the digital plan is asking for. If these are accurate, you will be able to have a very accurate layout. Knowing how the tool adjusts inaccurate control points should help you find and resolve control point errors on your jobsite. You will notice one typo: I accidentally change the 49' 6" measurement to 45' 6". Please note that it should be reading 49' 6" the whole time. Thanks again for watching! </span></p></div>Learning Leveling Part 2https://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/learning-leveling-part-22023-05-25T19:03:25.000Z2023-05-25T19:03:25.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11148584260?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Foreign equipped with a leveling rod and an instrument we can measure elevation differences. In this video, we'll explore the basic field processes involved in measuring those differences and then computing elevations. I'm Todd Horton for the Illinois professional land surveyors Association.</p>
<p>Using an optical level, we create a horizontal line of sight where our line of sight intersects the leveling rod. We take rod readings, and with these readings, we can compute elevation differences. With practice, most instrument operators can confidently read the rod when it is 250 feet away. Thus, if I need to find the rise between two locations 500 feet apart, I simply set up halfway between the points and take two readings.</p>
<p>But what if I can't see between those points? For instance, in this scenario, the elevation difference is greater than the height of my tripod. Or what if the locations are 5,000 feet apart? Well, to overcome these obstacles, we perform a level circuit. We perform a level circuit by measuring a series of elevation differences end to end.</p>
<p>In the first video, we illustrated the concept with the carpenter level. But now we do the same process on a grander scale with an optical level. To find an unknown elevation shown here on the right, we must first start from an elevation that is known, shown here on the left.</p>
<p>An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference surface. We commonly use mean sea level as a reference surface. For instance, the summit of Mount Everest is 29,029 feet above mean sea level, and the lowest point in the United States is Death Valley at 282 feet below sea level. By measuring vast networks of level circuits across the continent, surveyors have established heights above sea level at stable permanent benchmarks. Benchmarks come in many forms and are attached to everyday objects like bridges and fire hydrants.</p>
<p>Let's walk through a typical level circuit we call Benchmark leveling. You may hear this process called differential leveling or control leveling as well. Here, our survey site is half a mile from the nearest benchmark across a shallow valley. We need to determine the elevation of a newly constructed benchmark on the site. Because of the terrain and the distance involved, we'll have to set up the instrument multiple times to measure a series of elevation differences.</p>
<p>First, we'll set up our instrument where we can see the rod sitting atop the known benchmark. Our first rod reading is 4.69 feet. Since this reading is taken on a point of known elevation, we call it a backside (BS). With this first backside reading and the known elevation of the benchmark (842.17 feet in our case), we can say the instrument line of sight is 4.69 feet above the elevation of 842.17. Thus, the HI (height of the instrument) is 842.17 feet plus 4.69 feet, which equals 848.86 feet.</p>
<p>When the backside reading is complete, the rod person can move beyond the instrument operator toward the survey site. At a convenient location where the instrument is visible, the rod person will create a turning point. A turning point is a temporary intermediate point in a level circuit that we use like a benchmark. Each turning point must be stable and have a distinct peak or high point on which the rod will rest. Here, the rod person is using a cold chisel driven firmly into the ground. When it is stable, its top can have only one elevation. This concrete curb has high spots that make good turning points, and this sidewalk corner will work too.</p>
<p>With the rod person holding the leveling rod at the top turning point (labeled TP1), the instrument operator can make another rod reading called a foresight (FS). A foresight is a rod reading taken on a point of unknown elevation. Since we don't yet know the elevation of Turning Point 1, the first reading there is a foresight. Our foresight reading at Turning Point 1 is 6.08 feet.</p>
<p>Since we know the HI is 848.86 feet and the instrument line of sight is 6.08 feet above Turning Point 1, we can now compute the elevation there. We'll subtract the foresight reading from the HI: 848.86 feet minus 6.08 feet equals 840.78 feet. Now we know the elevation of Turning Point 1.</p>
<p>Next, in order to extend our circuit toward the new benchmark, the rod person will stay put while the instrument operator moves beyond Turning Point 1. At a new location where the rod is clearly visible, the instrument operator will set up the instrument and take a new reading on the rod at Turning Point 1.</p>
<p>Now, an important question arises: Will this reading be a backside or a foresight? A backside reading is a reading on a point of known elevation, while a foresight is a reading on a point of unknown elevation. So, which is it in this case?</p>
<p>Well, Turning Point 1 has a known elevation based on our first instrument setup. So, with a backside reading of 2.95 feet, the instrument has a new HI. The line of sight is 2.95 feet above the Turning Point 1 elevation of 840.78 feet, giving an HI of 843.73 feet. Now, the rod person can leave Turning Point 1.</p>
<p>Turning points are for short-term temporary use. After reading both a foresight and a backside on the cold chisel turning point, the rod person can remove it and move beyond the instrument to set a turning point at a convenient location. With a foresight of 7.17 feet, the elevation of Turning Point 2 will be 836.56 feet.</p>
<p>The process repeats at each new instrument setup. There will be a new backside reading and a new HI at each new instrument setup. The operator will take two readings: a backside and a foresight at each turning point. The rod person will hold the rod at the 0.42 readings, first a foresight and second a backside. In the field, the rod person and the instrument operator move separately, taking turns and moving forward in a leapfrog pattern.</p>
<p>With the final foresight, there are finally enough measurements with which to compute the elevation of the new benchmark. The process is fairly simple, repetitive, and efficient.</p>
<p>So far, you've seen the core concepts. In the next video, I'll show you how to prevent mistakes, how to record your readings, and how to compute with confidence.</p>
<p>I'm Todd Horton for the Illinois Professional Land Surveyors Association.</p></div>AutoCAD Tips Connect Unclose Linehttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/autocad-tips-connect-unclose-line2023-03-27T18:35:35.000Z2023-03-27T18:35:35.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/11004111056?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>AutoCAD Tips Connect Unclose Line••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Disclaimer - “All the videos, songs, images, and graphics used ...</p></div>Topcon total station edm/reflection usedhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/topcon-total-station-edm-reflection-used2023-03-12T18:54:15.000Z2023-03-12T18:54:15.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10996526256?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><strong>Topcon total station gm101 edm settings</strong></p>
<p>total station, #topcon total station,#topcon, #total station tutorial, #total station survey training, #sokkia total station, #edm setting, #total station settings, #sokkia total station training, #total station calibration, #sokkia total station training bangla, #total station basic settings, #total station survey, #types of total station, #advantages of total station, #total station survey training in hindi, #total station edm#topcon</p></div>leveling part 1 - for beginnershttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/leveling-part-1-for-beginners2023-03-10T20:30:48.000Z2023-03-10T20:30:48.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10995735862?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Land surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the physical features of a piece of land. One important aspect of land surveying is the process of leveling. Leveling is the process of determining the relative heights or elevations of points on the ground.</p>
<p>To get started with leveling in land surveying, you will need the following equipment:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Leveling rod - a long, straight rod with marks on it for measuring height.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Level - a tool used to determine whether a surface is level or not.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tripod - a three-legged stand used to support the level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Plumb-bob - a weight attached to a string used to determine vertical alignment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Measuring tape - a long, flexible tape used to measure distances.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Here are the basic steps to follow when leveling in land surveying:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Set up the tripod on firm, level ground. Make sure it is stable and secure.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Attach the level to the tripod, making sure it is properly leveled.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Place the leveling rod at the point you want to measure, holding it vertical and steady.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Look through the level to determine the height of the rod. Record the measurement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Move the leveling rod to the next point you want to measure and repeat the process.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Continue measuring the heights of different points on the land until you have the data you need.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use the data to create a contour map or elevation profile, which shows the relative elevations of different points on the land.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>It's important to note that there are different types of leveling techniques and equipment, depending on the complexity and precision of the surveying project. This is just a basic overview to get you started. If you need to conduct more complex surveys, it's recommended to consult with a licensed land surveyor.</p></div>how to convert csv file to shp area filehttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-convert-csv-file-to-shp-area-file2023-03-10T20:25:52.000Z2023-03-10T20:25:52.000Z⚡Survenator⌁https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/Survenator<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10995733301?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3">
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<p>To convert a CSV file to a shapefile, you can follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Open a GIS software like QGIS or ArcGIS.</li>
<li>Import the CSV file into the GIS software. In QGIS, you can do this by clicking on the "Layer" menu, then "Add Layer," and then "Add Delimited Text Layer." In ArcGIS, you can do this by clicking on "Add Data" and then selecting the CSV file.</li>
<li>Once the CSV file is added as a layer, you need to create a shapefile to store the converted data. In QGIS, you can do this by clicking on the "Layer" menu, then "Create Layer," and then "New Shapefile Layer." In ArcGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the folder or geodatabase where you want to store the shapefile, selecting "New," and then selecting "Shapefile."</li>
<li>In the "Create New Shapefile" dialog box, specify the name of the shapefile, the geometry type (point, line, or polygon), and the coordinate system. Click "OK" to create the shapefile.</li>
<li>Once the shapefile is created, you can use the "Save As" function to convert the CSV data into a shapefile. In QGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the CSV layer, selecting "Save As," and then specifying the name and location of the shapefile. In ArcGIS, you can do this by right-clicking on the CSV layer, selecting "Data," and then selecting "Export Data."</li>
<li>In the "Save As" dialog box, make sure to select the newly created shapefile as the output format and specify any additional settings, such as the field delimiter and encoding. Click "OK" to convert the CSV file to a shapefile.</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: In the conversion process, you need to make sure that the CSV file contains the necessary information to create a shapefile, such as geographic coordinates for each feature. If the CSV file does not contain this information, you may need to perform additional steps to geocode the data before converting it to a shapefile.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>Automatic Data Extraction of Survey Departmental Hardcopy Documentshttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/automatic-data-extraction-of-survey-departmental-hardcopy-documen2023-02-20T21:59:07.000Z2023-02-20T21:59:07.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10970580891?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Automatic Data Extraction of Survey Departmental Hardcopy Documents</p>
<p>KLP Hemantha, S Sivanantha, JAS Jayakody and ACPK Siriwadhana</p></div>Introducing the Ultimate Land Surveyors App: Land Surveyors United Fieldbookhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/introducing-the-ultimate-land-surveyors-app-land-surveyors-united2023-02-05T20:55:12.000Z2023-02-05T20:55:12.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10954760865?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Attention all land surveyors! Say goodbye to multiple apps and hello to our brand new, massively updated Land Surveyors United Fieldbook. With this one-stop-shop app, you'll have all the tools you need at your fingertips. From finding the best apps for your job, to adding surveying photos, listening to podcasts, and watching the latest surveying videos, this app has it all. You can even post and find jobs, access affordable equipment through the Smarketplace, and connect with other surveyors through chat and forums. With Location Based Hubs and a Chapter Hub, you'll be able to connect with other surveyors in your area.</p>
<p>Try it out now - simply add the shortcut to your phone or data collector homescreen. Get it now at <a href="https://app.landsurveyorsunited.com" target="_blank">https://app.landsurveyorsunited.com</a>. If you have any suggestions to make this app even better, let us know!"</p>
<p>Massive updates to our New App for 🗺📍 Land Surveyors United Fieldbook<br /> Now in this version, surveyors can:<br />💥Find all of the best apps folded into one single app<br />💥Add surveying photos from the field I Surveyed That<br />💥Listen to all of the latest Podcasts from Geoholics,Surveyor Says, Mentoring Mondays and Measure This right inside the app.<br />💥Use tools inside the Toolbox anywhere<br />💥Post Jobs and Find Jobs Anywhere<br />💥Use tools inside the Toolbox anywhere<br />💥Post Jobs and Find Jobs Anywhere<br />💥Watch the latest Surveying Videos<br />💥Find affordable equipment inside the Smarketplace<br />💥Access surveyor submitted spreadsheet programs<br />💥Find the Chapter Hub you Represent and join/Follow it<br />💥Add surveying photos from the field to Location Based Hubs<br />💥Add Forum Posts and Resources for Other Local Surveyors<br />💥Chat with other surveyors right inside the app....<br />The list goes on and on....<br />Get the app here: 🖇️ <a href="https://app.landsurveyorsunited.com">https://app.landsurveyorsunited.com</a><br />Nothing to install...just add the shortcut to your phone or data collector homescreen. If you can think of a better way to bring surveyors together across all geographies and cultures, please by all means let us know....</p>
<div class="embed-container"><iframe style="border:0;" src="http://app.landsurveyorsunited.com"></iframe></div></div>How To Create Surveying Sheet For Leveling And Different Elevation In Excelhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-create-surveying-sheet-for-leveling-and-different-elevatio2023-02-05T19:24:42.000Z2023-02-05T19:24:42.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10954719675?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Hello Guys in today's lecture i will show you the easiest way to make a surveying sheet in Excel. which will have leveling and different elevations already calculated. We will use Microsoft Excel to create the surveying sheet. we will also use formula's which is shown in the video above.</p>
<p> </p>
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<p>A <a href="https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/excel/forum/simple-level-calculation-sheet-xlsx-1?edited=1" target="_blank">leveling calculation spreadsheet</a>can be used to calculate the elevation differences between two points in a construction project or topographical survey. The basic formula used in such a spreadsheet is:</p>
<p>Elevation Difference = Elevation of Point B - Elevation of Point A</p>
<p>The spreadsheet would have columns for the names of each point, their respective elevations, and the calculated elevation difference. To use the spreadsheet, the user would input the elevations of Point A and Point B, and the spreadsheet would automatically calculate the elevation difference between the two points. The spreadsheet could also be set up to allow the user to input multiple sets of points and automatically calculate the elevation difference for each set.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="_tc_offscreeneded"> </div></div>Drone Survey of Large Siteshttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/drone-survey-of-large-sites2023-01-28T20:56:32.000Z2023-01-28T20:56:32.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10950674858?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p><strong>Guidelines for Drone Surveying of Large Sites</strong></p>
<p>Surveying large areas present significant challenges in drone survey. Most of the difficulties can be dodged by careful and intelligent planning.</p>
<p>If you prefer reading, please follow the blog<br /><a href="https://surveygyaan.medium.com/drone-survey-of-large-sites-d168d833267b">https://surveygyaan.medium.com/drone-survey-of-large-sites-d168d833267b</a></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="embed-container"><iframe style="border:0;" src="https://surveygyaan.medium.com/drone-survey-of-large-sites-d168d833267b"></iframe></div></div>A short tutorial on how to set up a differential GPShttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/a-short-tutorial-on-how-to-set-up-a-differential-gps2023-01-26T18:45:35.000Z2023-01-26T18:45:35.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10949593500?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Setting up a DGPS has been a great issue to most surveyors this video gives a break down on how to set up your Differential GPS without any issue.</p></div>How to do land surveying with the Total Station | Topcon ES serieshttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/video/how-to-do-land-surveying-with-the-total-station-topcon-es-serie-32023-01-26T18:42:41.000Z2023-01-26T18:42:41.000ZJustin Farrowhttps://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/justin<div><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/10949592470?profile=RESIZE_400x&width=400"></div><div><p>Process of doing land surveying with a Topcon ES series Total Station has been demonstrated here. All of you are welcome to watch and learn. Any question can be asked under comment section. I will try my best to answer them all. Cheers</p>
<p>And also you can find following videos related to surveying through given links via my channel;</p></div>