Land Surveyors United - Global Surveying Community
2024-03-28T12:28:09Z
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Surveyor and Conveyancer
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/surveyor-and-conveyancer
2013-07-16T03:20:32.000Z
2013-07-16T03:20:32.000Z
Ronald B Blauch
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/RonaldBBlauch
<div><p>I have an old tin sign in my collection that states "Surveyor and Conveyancer". I have assumed all along that the term "Conveyancer" meant that the business handled land transaction closings in some way. The sign is likely to be from the 1800s and was acquired at an auction here in Pennsylvania. What I am hoping is that someone here may know whether there was a time when conveying real property was not strictly the domain of attorneys. My 1970 vintage education always made a point to say that a surveyor's role was to delineate a property and provide a written description for a deed of conveyance. There is no legal reason I know that a lawyer is required to draw up a deed and have it executed and recorded, but it's always been that way as long as I know. Was there a time when surveyors provided that service? Thanks,</p><p>Ron Blauch</p><p> </p></div>
WORLD TRADE CENTER CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/world-trade-center-construction-surveying
2013-04-22T14:55:46.000Z
2013-04-22T14:55:46.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p><span class="font-size-4">I thought the history of the World Trade Center Twin Towers layout might be an interesting piece of history. This history was written by my friend, William B.F. Lair, a surveyor of the "first order", written shortly before he died in 1987. </span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">The actual control network was established in 1960. The control network was "tied into" NGS control i</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">n both New Jersey and New York, and we quickly realized that the NGS control needed to be "tightened up". The NGS was very cooperative in training and helping us to increase the precision of their control points we were using..this included not only the horizontal but also the vertical control. Once a control network was established into the site, the "Existing Conditions" survey began, and was finally completed shortly after Minoru Yamaski began the design process in late 1962. It is interesting to note that the control, existing condition surveys and plans cost over $5,500,000.00! During the design process, Mr. Yamaski and Mr. Roth's firms required another $250,000.00 worth of surveying to answer questions that were raised.</span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">Once the design was finalized and construction was scheduled was scheduled, Tishman Realty and Construction hired us to provide both vertical and horizontal control onto the site. It was almost instantly realized that because 15 square blocks were to be razed, we needed a dense network of highly precise control outside of that 15 block area from which we could continually extend control onto the site. This control, on its outer perimeter was required to be 1/150,000 horizontally and 1/20000 vertically. As a result, the control had to be placed where heavy traffic, vibrations, extreme temperature changes, etc would not affect the control. In addition, it had to be in positions where we could extend control points directly onto the construction site. For example the depth of the "hole" to the piling covers/column pads was approximately eight stories below ground level; this required having control very close to the actual excavation. In addition, the heavy construction in the area made protecting the control from destruction almost impossible and required us to be ready on almost a moments notice to extend new control back onto the site. It should be noted that all the control was required to be done by Licensed Land Surveyors but all construction layout was done by unlicensed surveyors who were considered to be experts in construction layout. Being sure the control we gave the construction surveyors weighed heavily on us!</span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">We did get involved in the construction survey in the sense that we were required to check both the alignment of the columns and the elevations of the spandrels at every floor, at the eight corners of each floor. The reason we checked only the corners was because the floors were considered a plane and were not parallel to the earth's surface, but the columns were designed to project to the earths center and thus both towers were to be 0.0136 feet wider at the top than at the bottom!</span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">The vertical and horizontal alignment problems were accentuated by the fact that uneven heating of the buildings surfaces and winds (causing sway) made these measurements extremely difficult to make.</span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">In spite of all of these facts, the two towers were finally completed in 1973. </span></p><p><span class="font-size-4">(DCG's added note: Twenty eight years later, the Towers which had taken five years to build came down in a few terribly long minutes!)</span></p><p></p><p><span class="font-size-4">David C. Garcelon with credit to my friend Willy Lair.</span></p></div>
FENCES - A LITTLE HISTORY
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/fences-a-little-history
2013-04-07T14:50:24.000Z
2013-04-07T14:50:24.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p>I have compiled a few interesting facts about Fences from my research library...I hope they will interest others as much as they interest me.</p><p><a target="_self" href="{{#staticFileLink}}1200665409,original{{/staticFileLink}}"><img class="align-right" src="{{#staticFileLink}}1200665409,original{{/staticFileLink}}" width="258"/></a>I believe most of today's surveyors think of fences as wire or wooden fences, and are extremely cautious of them when defining an old property line.</p><p>In New England, wire fences were not in use prior to the mid 1800's!! The first US Patent for a wire fence was US Patent 10211 granted to William H. Meriweather of New Braunfels, Texas. YES, Texas!!</p><p>When I searched through my library I found that both as late as the 1785 Massachusetts laws and the 1821 Maine laws regarding fences and fence viewers both describe fences hence: "Be it further enacted, That all fences of four feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timber, boards or stone walls, and also brooks, rivers, ponds, creeks, ditches and hedges, or other matter of things equivalent thereto, in the judgement of the Fence Viewers, within whose jurisdiction the same shall lie. shall be accounted legal and sufficient fences;..."</p><p>Isn't that amazing...wire fences weren't being mentioned in the earliest of our states until the mid 1800's!</p><p>However, fences, as described, were being described in these same laws as partition fences..in other words, the partition or property line between neighbors. In New England, in rural areas generally built stone walls (fences) along these lines, and in cities they built board fences.</p><p>Another interesting little tidbit regarding fences is the old layout of roads "subject to gates and bars". There was a very practical reason for this road layout law. When laying out a road through a farmer's property, the town would build a gate at both the entrance and exit of the road on a property, and the travelling public would have the responsibility of opening AND CLOSING the gate after they had passed through. This would serve two very practical purposes: 1st) It would prevent the Farmers livestock from getting out, and 2) It would save the farmer from having to build stone walls along the road! Just think, if the farmer had a property that was 1000 feet square, and the road went square through his property, the law would save him from building 2000 feet of stone wall !!</p><p>It is interesting that today many states, especially in the West, still have Fence and Fence Viewer laws.</p><p>One of the most satisfying, though, to me as a land surveyor, is a fence viewer law recently rewritten in the Town of Colebrook, New Hampshire in which the lawmakers specifically stated that the fence viewer could not make any boundary line decision...boundary line location is for licensed land surveyors. HURRAY for Colebrook (I had an office there for 12 years).</p><p>David C. Garcelon</p><p></p></div>
C.L. BERGER, INSTRUMENTMAKER of BOSTON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/c-l-berger-instrumentmaker-of-boston
2013-04-03T12:10:41.000Z
2013-04-03T12:10:41.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p>Did you know the first six instruments made by C.L. Berger did not have serial numbers (4 transits, a dumpy level and a wye level) and Berger's first two instruments he made were a No. II Transit and a Dumpy Level</p><p>for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (known today as MIT).</p><p>David C. Garcelon</p></div>
A PERSPECTIVE ON COLONIAL AMERICAN SURVEYING
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/a-perspective-on-colonial-american-surveying
2013-03-25T19:04:14.000Z
2013-03-25T19:04:14.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p><a href="http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/" target="_self"><img src="{{#staticFileLink}}1200665367,original{{/staticFileLink}}" width="111" class="align-right"/></a>I would like to share some of my perspective on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/" target="_self">early American Surveying History</a>, and at the same time get a discussion going. I have been fortunate enough to have lived New England since I was born, and spent 47 years practicing land surveying here. I, like many other surveyors, have developed a keen interest in our history. It is interesting to note that Popham Colony in Maine and Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts were formed in 1607 and 1620 respectively, and both had survey maps made of them..Popham Colony's map was of the proposed village and fortifications; Plymouth Colony's map was a layout of the meersteads...SOOO..we know that surveying came to America's shores by 1607. Surveying was much like the military., The "<em><strong>regular surveyors</strong></em>" were British and trained the locals to survey as they did in England..in the military the British Regulars trained the colonists to be part time militias. This type of arrangement continued for nearly 180 years (1607-1783)...from where I sit that is 176 years of boundary surveying on the East Coast before we became the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/unitedstatessurveyors" target="_self">United States of America</a>".</p><p></p><p>Boston is a wonderful place to study land development and surveying history. When Boston Town became Boston City in the early 1600's, there were approximately 1200 people living on 40 square miles of land.</p><p></p><p>By 2011 there were 625,100 people living on 48 square miles of land. Not only has the population grown from 30 people to 3022 people per square mile mile; the land mass has grown from 40 sq. miles to 48 square miles, all as a result of filled land (the boundaries of the city did not change).</p><p></p><p>Within 100 years Boston had grown by over 9000 people, or to 265 people per square mile. By then. like today, the greater Boston area had far exceeded Boston in population growth. Today Boston has 625000 persons but when included with its "Greater Boston area" it has over 4 1/2 million people.</p><p></p><p>Now, consider this: tens of thousands of property had been surveyed in the Greater Boston area by 1783.</p><p></p><p>They had been surveyed by British surveyors or their trained counterparts using British instruments and British surveying education. Just in the Boston area alone they must have set tens of thousands of monuments establishing thousands of miles of boundary lines ....it is almost beyond comprehension to me how many miles of property lines and how many thousands (maybe millions) of monuments were set in Colonies all along the Atlantic Coast from 1603 to 1783!!</p><p></p><p>Just one other thought....It has been 230 years since we became the USA (in September, 2013)...I wonder how many of those original lines we have moved and how many monumants we have failed to preserve or honor?</p><p>I hope we can have a lively discussion.</p><p>David C. Garcelon</p></div>
Ah, the Perils of a Land Surveyor!
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/ah-the-perils-of-a-land-surveyor
2013-03-05T11:53:47.000Z
2013-03-05T11:53:47.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p><a href="{{#staticFileLink}}1200663913,original{{/staticFileLink}}" target="_self"><img src="{{#staticFileLink}}1200663913,original{{/staticFileLink}}" width="750" class="align-left"/></a></p></div>
BRIEF HISTORY OF POSITION FIXING
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/brief-history-of-position-fixing
2013-03-05T11:39:38.000Z
2013-03-05T11:39:38.000Z
DAVID C. GARCELON
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/DAVIDCGARCELON
<div><p><a href="{{#staticFileLink}}1200663952,original{{/staticFileLink}}" target="_self"><img src="{{#staticFileLink}}1200663952,original{{/staticFileLink}}" width="750" class="align-left"/></a></p></div>
Land Ordinance of 1785
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/land-ordinance-of-1785
2011-05-12T02:36:00.000Z
2011-05-12T02:36:00.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><p><b>How has the land ordinance of 1785 shaped the formation of new States?</b></p><p>Thomas Jefferson was acutely aware of the potential colonization West of the settlements on the Eastern Coast of “New England”. A growing population in these original colonies, being free from English rule, would require new lands to occupy for the seemingly endless number of new immigrants.</p><p>Jefferson originally offered a systematic means to prepare new areas for Statehood in his Ordinance of 1784. In the following year he began designing a system for surveying the newly explored lands to the West.</p><p>n the Colonial States it had become common that ownership disputes would occur because property lines were defined by landmarks such as trees, fences, or waters (all of which are ephemeral in location and relative position).</p><p>Jefferson’s proposal resulting in The Ordinance of 1785 advocated the creation of a rectangular system of boundary establishment. The basic unit of ownership was to be the Township, a six-mile square or 36 square miles. Each township would be divided into 36 rectangular sections of land, each a one-mile square or 640 acres (in principle).</p><p>Section 16 in each township would be reserved for the benefit of public education. All other sections were to be marketable to the general public.</p><p>The Ordinance provided that whole sections of land (640 Acres each) be offered to the public at the minimum bidding price of one dollar per acre.</p>In preparing this system for gaining public interest in purchasing Western lands, and perhaps for funding some of the expeditions that had already been conducted and those yet to be proposed, the Continental Congress introduced this system of rectangular divisions of land that remain the basis for land ownership among most of the United States of America.</div>
United States Public Land Survey
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/united-states-public-land
2011-05-12T01:36:00.000Z
2011-05-12T01:36:00.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><p><a target="_self" href="{{#staticFileLink}}1200623366,original{{/staticFileLink}}"><img class="align-full" width="200" src="{{#staticFileLink}}1200623366,original{{/staticFileLink}}"/></a></p><p>Thomas M. Cooley, Regarding the United States Public Land Survey:</p><p> </p><p>No statute can confer upon a county surveyor (nor any other surveyor) the power to “establish” corners, and thereby bind the parties concerned. Nor is this a question merely of conflict between State and Federal law; it is a question of property right. The original surveys must govern, because the land was bought in reference to them; and any legislation, whether State or Federal, that should have the effect to change these, would be inoperative, because of disturbing vested rights.</p><p> </p><p>“The Judicial Junction of Surveyors” by Thomas M. Cooley, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Michigan, 1864–1865.</p></div>
Pierre Charles L'Enfant Land Surveyor
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/pierre-charles-lenfant-land
2011-05-08T22:34:02.000Z
2011-05-08T22:34:02.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><div class="noprint" id="mw-head-base"></div><div id="content"><a rel="nofollow" id="top" name="top"></a><div id="siteNotice"><div id="localNotice"><p>Ever wonder how Washington D.C. was envisioned by those who designed the layout of the streets?</p></div></div><div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><span class="fn">Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant.gif"><img height="288" width="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant.gif/187px-Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant.gif"/></a><br/><span>Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span title="1754-08-09" class="mw-formatted-date">August 9, 1754</span><br/><a rel="nofollow" title="Anet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anet">Anet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>June 14, 1825 (aged 70)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nationality</th><td class="category"><a rel="nofollow" title="French American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_American">French American</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</b> August 9, 1754 – June 14, 1825) was a <a rel="nofollow" title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">French</a>-born <a rel="nofollow" title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">American</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Architect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect">architect</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Civil engineer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer">civil engineer</a> best known for designing the layout of the streets of <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.</p><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#" class="internal" id="togglelink" name="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Military_service"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Military service</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Architect_and_planner"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Architect and planner</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Later_recognition"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Later recognition</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Connection_to_Freemasonry"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Connection to Freemasonry</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Honors"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Honors</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Early life" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span><span id="Early_life" class="mw-headline">Early life</span></h2><p>L'Enfant was born at <a rel="nofollow" title="Anet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anet">Anet</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Eure et Loire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure_et_Loire">Eure et Loire</a>, the third child and second son of Marie Charlotte L'Enfant (aged 25 and the daughter of a minor marine official at court) and <a rel="nofollow" title="Pierre L'Enfant (painter)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_L%27Enfant_(painter)">Pierre L'Enfant</a> (1704–1787), a painter with a good reputation in the service of <a rel="nofollow" title="Louis XV of France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France">King Louis XV</a>. In 1758, his brother Pierre Joseph died at the age of six, leaving him the eldest son. He studied at the Royal Academy in the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre">Louvre</a> before enrolling to fight in the <a rel="nofollow" title="American Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution">American Revolution</a>.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Military service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span><span id="Military_service" class="mw-headline">Military service</span></h2><p>L'Enfant was recruited by <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Augustin_Caron_de_Beaumarchais">Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais</a> to join in the <a rel="nofollow" title="American Revolutionary War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Thirteen Colonies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies">American colonies</a>. He arrived in 1777 at the age of 23, serving as a <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineer">military engineer</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Continental Army" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army">Continental Army</a> with <a rel="nofollow" title="Major General" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General">Major General</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de la Fayette" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_la_Fayette">Lafayette</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite his aristocratic origins, L'Enfant closely identified with the United States, adopting the name <b>Peter</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sterling_2-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Sterling-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> He was wounded at the <a rel="nofollow" title="Siege of Savannah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah">Siege of Savannah</a> in 1779, but recovered and served in General <a rel="nofollow" title="George Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington">George Washington</a>'s staff as a Captain of Engineers for the remainder of the <a rel="nofollow" title="American Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution">Revolutionary War</a>. During the war, L'Enfant was with George Washington at <a rel="nofollow" title="Valley Forge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge">Valley Forge</a>. While there, Marquis de Lafayette commissioned L'Enfant to paint a portrait of Washington. L'Enfant was promoted by <a rel="nofollow" title="Brevet (military)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)">brevet</a> to Major of Engineers on May 2, 1783 in recognition of his service to American liberty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>After the war, L'Enfant designed the badge of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Society of the Cincinnati" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, shaped as an eagle, at the request of Washington, and was sent to France to give the badges to French officers who fought in the war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Architect and planner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]</span><span id="Architect_and_planner" class="mw-headline">Architect and planner</span></h2><p>Following the war, L'Enfant established a successful and highly profitable <a rel="nofollow" title="Civil engineering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering">civil engineering</a> firm in <a rel="nofollow" title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>. He achieved some fame as an <a rel="nofollow" title="Architect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect">architect</a> by redesigning the City Hall in New York for the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="First Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congress">First Congress</a> in <a rel="nofollow" title="Federal Hall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hall">Federal Hall</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> He also designed coins, medals, furniture and houses of the wealthy, and he was a friend of <a rel="nofollow" title="Alexander Hamilton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>.</p><p>In 1789, when discussions were underway regarding a new federal capital city for the <a rel="nofollow" title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>, L'Enfant wrote to President Washington asking to be commissioned to plan the city. However, any decision on the capital was put on hold until July 1790 when <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congress</a> passed the<a rel="nofollow" title="Residence Act" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_Act">Residence Act</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reps-p240_6-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-reps-p240-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The legislation, which was the result of a compromise brokered by <a rel="nofollow" title="Alexander Hamilton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Thomas Jefferson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, specified the new capital be situated on the <a rel="nofollow" title="Potomac River" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River">Potomac River</a>, at some location between the Eastern Branch (the <a rel="nofollow" title="Anacostia River" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_River">Anacostia River</a>) and the <a rel="nofollow" title="Conococheague Creek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conococheague_Creek">Connogochegue</a>, near <a rel="nofollow" title="Hagerstown, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland">Hagerstown, Maryland</a>. The Residence Act gave authority to President Washington to appoint three commissioners to oversee the survey of the federal district and "according to such Plans, as the President shall approve," provide public buildings to accommodate the Federal government in 1800.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-residenceact_7-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-residenceact-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellis-p48_8-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Ellis-p48-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>President George Washington appointed L'Enfant in 1791 to design the new capital city (later named <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">the City of Washington</a>) under the supervision of three Commissioners, whom Washington had appointed to oversee the planning and development of the ten-mile square of federal territory that would later become the <a rel="nofollow" title="History of Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C.">District of Columbia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" title="Thomas Jefferson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who worked alongside President Washington in overseeing the plans for the capital, sent L'Enfant a letter outlining his task, which was to provide a drawing of suitable sites for the federal city and the public buildings. Though Jefferson had modest ideas for the Capital, L'Enfant saw the task as far more grandiose, believing he was not only locating the capital, but also included devising the city plan and designing the buildings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-seale_9-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-seale-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>L'Enfant arrived in <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C.">Georgetown</a> on March 9, 1791, and began his work, from Suter's Fountain Inn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Washington arrived on March 28, to meet with L'Enfant and the Commissioners for several days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> On June 22, L'Enfant presented his first plan for the federal city to President Washington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steward.2C_p._52_13-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Steward.2C_p._52-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steward.2C_p._52_13-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Steward.2C_p._52-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>President Washington retained one of L'Enfant's plans, showed it to Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-original_L.27Enfant_plan_16-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-original_L.27Enfant_plan-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> The U.S.<a rel="nofollow" title="Library of Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> now holds both the plan that Washington apparently gave to the Commissioners and an undated anonymous survey map that the Library considers L'Enfant to have drawn before August 19, 1791.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-original_L.27Enfant_plan_16-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-original_L.27Enfant_plan-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The survey map may be one that L'Enfant appended to his August 19 letter to the President.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>L'Enfant's "<i>Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States...</i>" specified locations for the "Congress house" (the <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Capitol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">Capitol</a>), which would be built on <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Washington,_D.C.">Jenkins Hill</a>, and the "President's house" (the <a rel="nofollow" title="White House" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>), which would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> L'Enfant envisioned the President's house to have public gardens and monumental architecture. Reflecting his grandiose visions, he specified that the President's house would be five times the size of the building that was actually constructed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-seale_9-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-seale-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>Emphasizing the importance of the new nation's legislature, the Congress house would be located on a <a rel="nofollow" title="Longitude" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude">longitude</a> designated as<a rel="nofollow" title="Washington meridian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_meridian#Capitol">0:0</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-L.27Enfant_letter_20-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-L.27Enfant_letter-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stewart-pp49-55_21-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-stewart-pp49-55-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wpa-p210_22-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-wpa-p210-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moore_24-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Moore-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. To form the grid, some streets would travel in an east-west direction, while others would travel in a north-south direction. Diagonal avenues later named after the states of the union crossed the grid.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moore_24-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Moore-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-High_resolution_image-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The diagonal avenues intersected with the north-south and east-west streets at <a rel="nofollow" title="Traffic circle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circle">circles</a> and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.</p><p>L'Enfant laid out a 400 feet (122 m)-wide garden-lined "grand avenue", which he expected to travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along an east-west axis in the center of an area that would later become the <a rel="nofollow" title="National Mall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall">National Mall</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-High_resolution_image-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> He also laid out a narrower avenue (<a rel="nofollow" title="Pennsylvania Avenue" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>) which would connect the Congress house with the President's house.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-L.27Enfant_letter_20-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-L.27Enfant_letter-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-High_resolution_image-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> In time, Pennsylvania Avenue developed into the capital city's present "grand avenue".</p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="204" width="250" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/L%27Enfant_plan.jpg/250px-L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Andrew Ellicott's 1792 revision of L'Enfant's plan for Washington, D.C.</div></div></div><p>L'Enfant's plan additionally laid out a system of canals (later designated as the <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington City Canal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Canal">Washington City Canal</a>) that would pass the Congress house and the President's house. One branch of the canal would empty into the Potomac River south of the "President's house" at the mouth of <a rel="nofollow" title="Tiber Creek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_Creek">Tiber Creek</a>, which would be channelized and straightened.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-High_resolution_image-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>L'Enfant secured the lease of <a rel="nofollow" title="Quarry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry">quarries</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigginton Island" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigginton_Island">Wigginton Island</a> and along <a rel="nofollow" title="Aquia Creek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquia_Creek">Aquia Creek</a> in <a rel="nofollow" title="Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a>to supply <a rel="nofollow" title="Aquia Creek sandstone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquia_Creek_sandstone">stone</a> for the <a rel="nofollow" title="Foundation (engineering)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)">foundation</a> of the Congress house in November 1791.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> However, his temperament and his insistence that his city design be realized as a whole, brought him into conflict with the Commissioners, who wanted to direct the limited funds available into construction of the federal buildings. In this, they had the support of Thomas Jefferson.</p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morris_folly.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="192" width="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Morris_folly.jpg/260px-Morris_folly.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morris_folly.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Morris' folly. Engraving from 1800 by <a rel="nofollow" title="William Birch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birch">William Birch</a>.</div></div></div><p>During a contentious period in February 1792, <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Ellicott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott">Andrew Ellicott</a>, who had been conducting the original boundary survey of the future District of Columbia (see: <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(District_of_Columbia)">Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)</a>) and the survey of the federal city under the direction of the Commissioners, informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with the original plan (of which L'Enfant had prepared several versions).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_28-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_28-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant. After L'Enfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan, several versions of which were engraved, published and distributed. As a result, Ellicott's revisions subsequently became the basis for the capital city's development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bryan-p113_31-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-bryan-p113-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McMillan_Plan_32-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-McMillan_Plan-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>L'Enfant was initially not paid for his work on his plan for the federal city. He fell into disgrace, spending much of the rest of his life trying to persuade Congress to pay him the tens of thousands of dollars that he claimed he was owed. After a number of years, Congress finally paid him a small sum, nearly all of which went to his creditors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sterling_2-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-Sterling-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1792 L'Enfant designed <a rel="nofollow" title="Robert Morris (financier)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)">Robert Morris</a> mansion in Philadelphia which was never finished after Morris bankruptcy. In 1812, he was offered a position as a Professor of Engineering at<a rel="nofollow" title="United States Military Academy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, but he declined that post. {Ironically Ellicott served as a Professor of Engineering at West Point from 1813 to 1817} In 1814, L'Enfant worked briefly on the construction of <a rel="nofollow" title="Fort Washington Park" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park">Fort Washington</a> on the Potomac River southeast of Washington, D.C., but others soon replaced him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>L'Enfant died in poverty. He was buried at the Green Hill farm in <a rel="nofollow" title="Chillum, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillum,_Maryland">Chillum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" title="Prince George's County, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland">Prince George's County, Maryland</a>. He left behind three watches, three compasses, some books, some maps, and surveying instruments, whose total value was about forty-six dollars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Later recognition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>]</span><span id="Later_recognition" class="mw-headline">Later recognition</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraveofLenfant.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="130" width="237" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GraveofLenfant.jpg/237px-GraveofLenfant.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraveofLenfant.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Grave of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant, overlooking the city he partially designed</div></div></div><p>In 1901 and 1902, the <a rel="nofollow" title="McMillan Plan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Plan">McMillan Commission</a> used L'Enfant's plan as the cornerstone of a report that recommended a partial redesign of the capital city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McMillan_Plan_32-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-McMillan_Plan-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Among other things, the Commission's report laid out a plan for a sweeping mall in the area of L'Enfant's widest "grand avenue", which had not been constructed.</p><p>At the instigation of a French ambassador to the United States, <a rel="nofollow" title="Jean Jules Jusserand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a>, L'Enfant's adopted nation then recognized his contributions. In 1909, after <a rel="nofollow" title="Lying in state" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state">lying in state</a> at the<a rel="nofollow" title="United States Capitol rotunda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda">Capitol rotunda</a>, L'Enfant's remains were re-interred in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Arlington National Cemetery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in Virginia, on a hill overlooking the city that he had partially designed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-post2_36-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-post2-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1911, he was honored with a monument placed on top of his grave. Engraved on the monument is a portion of L'Enfant's own plan, which Andrew Ellicott's revision and the McMillan Commission's plan had superseded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Connection to Freemasonry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span><span id="Connection_to_Freemasonry" class="mw-headline">Connection to Freemasonry</span></h2><p>L'Enfant was initiated into Freemasonry on April 17, 1789 at Holland Lodge No. 8 F&AM which was chartered in 1787 by the Grand Lodge of New York F&AM. L’Enfant had been in New York City since the preceding year, as he supervised renovations to Federal Hall, where the inauguration was to take place. Holland Lodge No. 8 still exists today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Honors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>]</span><span id="Honors" class="mw-headline">Honors</span></h2><ul><li>In 1942, a <a rel="nofollow" title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Liberty ship" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship">Liberty ship</a> named the <a rel="nofollow" title="SS Pierre L'Enfant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Pierre_L%27Enfant">SS <i>Pierre L'Enfant</i></a> was launched. In 1970, she was shipwrecked and abandoned.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" title="L'Enfant Plaza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a>, a complex of office buildings, a hotel, and an underground shopping center centered around an <a rel="nofollow" title="Esplanade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade">esplanade</a> (L'Enfant Promenade) in southwest Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 1968. Meeting rooms in the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel bear the names of French artists, military leaders, and explorers. The central portion of the plaza contains a map of the city. Within the city map is a smaller map that shows the plaza's location.</li><li>Beneath the L'Enfant Plaza is one of the central <a rel="nofollow" title="Rapid transit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit">rapid transit</a> Metro stops in Washington, D.C., the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Enfant Plaza (Washington Metro)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza_(Washington_Metro)">L'Enfant Plaza</a> station.</li><li>In 1980, Western Plaza (subsequently renamed to <a rel="nofollow" title="Freedom Plaza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a>) in northwest Washington, D.C., was designed. An inlay in the Plaza depicts parts of L'Enfant's plan for the City of Washington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-marker_41-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-marker-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li>In 2003, L'Enfant's plan for Washington was commemorated on a <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USPS">USPS</a> postage stamp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The diamond shape of the stamp reflects the original 100 square miles (259 km<sup>2</sup>) tract of land selected for the District. Shown is a view along the <a rel="nofollow" title="National Mall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall">National Mall</a>, including the Capitol, the <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington Monument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument">Washington Monument</a>, and the <a rel="nofollow" title="Lincoln Memorial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>. Also portrayed are <a rel="nofollow" title="Cherry blossom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_blossom">cherry blossoms</a> around the <a rel="nofollow" title="Tidal Basin (District of Columbia)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_Basin_(District_of_Columbia)">tidal basin</a> and row houses from the <a rel="nofollow" title="Shaw, Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw,_Washington,_D.C.">Shaw</a> neighborhood.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Notes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=7">edit</a>]</span><span id="Notes" class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> Morgan, p. 118</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. (See: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). <i>Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.</i> George Washington University, Washington, D.C.) He wrote this name on his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...."</a> (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., <a rel="nofollow" title="Jean Jules Jusserand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a>, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling (2002).) The <a rel="nofollow" title="National Park Service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service">National Park Service</a> identifies L'Enfant as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm#washington">Major Peter Charles L'Enfant</a>" and as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/Nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html">Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</a>" on its website. The <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Code" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code">United States Code</a> states in <a rel="nofollow" title="Title 40 of the United States Code" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_United_States_Code">40 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/40/3309.html">§ 3309</a>: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."</li><li id="cite_note-Sterling-2">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Sterling_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Sterling_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Sterling</li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Morgan, p. 119</li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> Caemmerer (1950), p. 85</li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <img height="13" width="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"/> <span class="citation book">"<a rel="nofollow" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pierre-Charles L'Enfant" class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pierre-Charles_L%27Enfant">Pierre-Charles L'Enfant</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" title="Catholic Encyclopedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%5B%5BWikisource%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia+%281913%29%2FPierre-Charles+L%27Enfant%7CPierre-Charles+L%27Enfant%5D%5D&rft.atitle=%5B%5BCatholic+Encyclopedia%5D%5D&rft.date=1913&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-reps-p240-6"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-reps-p240_6-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#CITEREFReps1965">Reps 1965</a>, pp. 240–242</li><li id="cite_note-residenceact-7"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-residenceact_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpe:@field(DOCID+@lit(rbpe21500600))">"An ACT for establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=An+ACT+for+establishing+the+Temporary+and+Permanent+Seat+of+the+Government+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Frbpe%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28rbpe21500600%29%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-Ellis-p48-8"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Ellis-p48_8-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#CITEREFEllis2002">Ellis 2002</a>, pp. 48–52</li><li id="cite_note-seale-9">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-seale_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-seale_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Seale, William (1986). <i>The President's House, Volume 1</i>. White House Historical Association. pp. 1–4.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+House%2C+Volume+1&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Seale%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%26ndash%3B4&rft.pub=White+House+Historical+Association&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> Stewart, p. 50</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Seale, William (1986). <i>The President's House, Volume 1</i>. White House Historical Association. pp. 9.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+House%2C+Volume+1&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Seale%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B9&rft.pub=White+House+Historical+Association&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society+%22+%22Stewart%22&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Letter from P.C. L'Enfant to The President of the United States, June 22, 1791. <i>In</i> Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1898)</a> pp. 33-37 <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-30.</li><li id="cite_note-Steward.2C_p._52-13">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Steward.2C_p._52_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Steward.2C_p._52_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Steward, p. 52</li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Passanneau, Joseph R. (2004). <i>Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images</i>. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc.. pp. 14–16, 24–27. <a rel="nofollow" title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Special:BookSources/1-58093-091-3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58093-091-3">1-58093-091-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+Through+Two+Centuries%3A+A+History+in+Maps+and+Images&rft.aulast=Passanneau&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft.au=Passanneau%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph+R.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9316%2C+24%E2%80%9327&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=1-58093-091-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society+%22+%22Stewart%22&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Letter from P.C. L'Enfant to The President of the United States, August 19, 1791. <i>In</i> Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1898)</a> pp. 38-48 <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-30.</li><li id="cite_note-original_L.27Enfant_plan-16">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-original_L.27Enfant_plan_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-original_L.27Enfant_plan_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri001.html">Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "<i>Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government ....</i>"</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/">official website of the Library of Congress</a> Retrieved 2008-08-13. Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant."</li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3851b.ct000301">L'Enfant's <i>Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791, before Aug. 19th.</i></a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/">official website of the Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-30.</li><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcsymbols.com/chronology/maps.htm">"A Washington DC Map Chronology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dcsymbols.com/">http://dcsymbols.com</a>dcsymbols.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-30</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Washington+DC+Map+Chronology&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fdcsymbols.com+dcsymbols.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdcsymbols.com%2Fchronology%2Fmaps.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-19"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Vlach, John Michael (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uschscapitolhistory.uschs.org/articles/uschs_dome-02.htm">"The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill"</a>. United States Capitol Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-14</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+Mr.+Jenkins+of+Jenkins+Hill&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Vlach&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rft.au=Vlach%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+Michael&rft.date=Spring+2004&rft.pub=United+States+Capitol+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuschscapitolhistory.uschs.org%2Farticles%2Fuschs_dome-02.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-L.27Enfant_letter-20">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-L.27Enfant_letter_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-L.27Enfant_letter_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society+%22+%22Stewart%22&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false">P. C. L'Enfant (August 19, 1791) Letter to The President of the United States. <i>In</i> Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1898)</a> pp. 34-48 <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-29.</li><li id="cite_note-stewart-pp49-55-21"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-stewart-pp49-55_21-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society+%22+%22Stewart%22&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Steward, John (1898) <i>Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C</i>, Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Vol. 2</a> pp. 49-55 <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-29.</li><li id="cite_note-wpa-p210-22"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-wpa-p210_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Federal Writers' Project (1937). <i>Washington, City and Capital: Federal Writers' Project</i>. Works Progress Administration / United States <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Printing_Office">Government Printing Office</a>. p. 210.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%2C+City+and+Capital%3A+Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft.aulast=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft.date=1937&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B210&rft.pub=Works+Progress+Administration+%2F+United+States+%5B%5BGovernment+Printing+Office%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-23"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3850+ct000512))">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/">American Memory</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" title="Library of Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-28</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Plan+of+the+city+intended+for+the+permanent+seat+of+the+government+of+t%28he%29+United+States+%3A+projected+agreeable+to+the+direction+of+the+President+of+the+United+States%2C+in+pursuance+of+an+act+of+Congress+passed+the+sixteenth+day+of+July%2C+MDCCXC%2C+%22establishing+the+permanent+seat+on+the+bank+of+the+Potowmac%22%3A+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2F+American+Memory%5D&rft.aulast=L%27Enfant&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft.au=L%27Enfant%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+Charles&rft.date=1791&rft.pub=%5B%5BLibrary+of+Congress%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fh%3Fammem%2Fgmd%3A%40field%28NUMBER%2B%40band%28g3850%2Bct000512%29%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-Moore-24">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Moore_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Moore_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span id="CITEREFMoore1902" class="citation">Moore, Charles (ed) (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ob7PAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Fig. No. 61 -- L'Enfant Map of Washington (1791)"</a>, <i>The Improvement Of The Park System Of The District of Columbia: Report by the United States Congress: Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and District of Columbia Park Commission</i>, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, p. 12, Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session, Senate Report No. 166</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fig.+No.+61+--+L%27Enfant+Map+of+Washington+%281791%29&rft.atitle=The+Improvement+Of+The+Park+System+Of+The+District+of+Columbia%3A+Report+by+the+United+States+Congress%3A+Senate+Committee+on+the+District+of+Columbia+and+District+of+Columbia+Park+Commission&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles+%28ed%29&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BCharles+%28ed%29&rft.date=1902&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B12&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOb7PAAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3D%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-High_resolution_image-25">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-High_resolution_image_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62locate1.htm">High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" in Library of Congress, with transcribed excerpts of key to map</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62images/62map1.pdf">enlarged image</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/">official website of the U.S. National Park Service</a>. Retrieved 2009-10-23.</li><li id="cite_note-26"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" title="Freedom Plaza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a> in downtown D.C. contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan, an inlay of an oval that gives the title of the plan and the name of its author (identified as "Peter Charles L'Enfant") and inlays of the plan's legends. The coordinates of the inlay of the plan and its legends are: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&params=38.8958437_N_-77.0306772_E_type:landmark&title=Freedom+Plaza"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.8958437°N 77.0306772°W</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The coordinates of the name "Peter Charles L'Enfant" are: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&params=38.8958374_N_-77.031215_E_type:landmark&title=Inscription+of+name+of+%22Peter+Charles+L%27Enfant%22+in+inlay+of+L%27Enfant%27s+plan+in+Freedom+Plaza"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.8958374°N 77.031215°W</span></span></span></a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> Morgan, p. 120</li><li id="cite_note-Ellicott_1792-28">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." <i>In</i> <span class="citation web">Arnebeck, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html">"Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/swamp1800.html">The General and the Plan</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/">Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-30</span></a></span>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ellicott%27s+letter+to+the+commissioners+on+engraving+the+plan+of+the+city%2C+in+which+no+reference+is+made+to+Banneker&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com%2Fswamp1800.html+The+General+and+the+Plan%5D&rft.aulast=Arnebeck&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Arnebeck%2C%26%2332%3BBob&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com+Bob+Arnebeck%27s+Web+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com%2Fellicott.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-29"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> Kite, Elizabeth S. <i>"L'Enfant and Washington 1791–1792"</i>. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times: 1970 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1929) <i>from</i> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.html">L'Enfant and Washington</a>"</i> in<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/">website of Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons)</a>. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-30"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> Bowling, Kenneth R. (1988) <i>Creating the federal city, 1774-1800 : Potomac fever</i>. American Institute of Architects Press, Washington, D.C.</li><li id="cite_note-bryan-p113-31"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-bryan-p113_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bryan, W.B. (1899). "L'Enfant's Personal Affairs". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> <b>2</b>: p. 113.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27Enfant%27s+Personal+Affairs&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Bryan%2C+W.B.&rft.au=Bryan%2C+W.B.&rft.date=1899&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=p.+113&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-McMillan_Plan-32">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-McMillan_Plan_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-McMillan_Plan_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm">The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/">"Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory"</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/">official website of the U.S. National Park Service</a> Accessed August 14, 2008.</li><li id="cite_note-33"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> Washington Map Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htm">Plan of the City of Washington</a>. The U.S. <a rel="nofollow" title="National Archives and Records Administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration">National Archives</a> holds a copy of "<i>Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington</i>". See "<i>Scope & Contents</i>" page of "<i>Archival Description</i>" for National Archives holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893 – 1950", ARC Identifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Records of the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893 – 1981. Record of holding obtained through search in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc">Archival Descriptions Search of ARC — Archival Research Catalog</a> using search term <i>L'Enfant Plan Ellicott</i>, 2008-08-22.</li><li id="cite_note-34"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fowa/historyculture/index.htm">History of Fort Washington Park, Maryland</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/">official website of U.S. National Park Service</a> Retrieved 2008-12-03.</li><li id="cite_note-35"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> Jusserand</li><li id="cite_note-post2-36"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-post2_36-0">^</a></b> Maj. L'Enfant's Forgotten Grave," by T. Loftin Snell, The Washington Post, Jul 30, 1950, pg. B3.</li><li id="cite_note-37"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> Coordinates of grave site of Peter Charles L'Enfant in Arlington National Cemetery: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&params=38.881093_N_-77.072313_E_type:landmark&title=Peter+Charles+L%27Enfant+grave+site"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.881093°N 77.072313°W</span></span></span></a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> Arlington National Cemetery: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/pierre_charles_lenfant.html">Historical Information: Pierre Charles L'Enfant</a></li><li id="cite_note-39"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> Holland Lodge No. 8 F&AM membership records</li><li id="cite_note-40"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> The Scottish Rite Journal, March / April 2011 Edition page 10-12, published by the The Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Masonic Jurisdiction</li><li id="cite_note-marker-41"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-marker_41-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Miller, Richard E. (April 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=17943">"Freedom Plaza Marker"</a>. Historical Marker Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-42"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span id="CITEREFBuschSmith" class="citation">Busch, Richard T.; Smith, Kathryn Schneider, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/DTbooklet_English_final.pdf">"W.7: Freedom Plaza: 13th and E Sts NW"</a>, <i>Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail</i>, Washington, DC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/">Cultural Tourism DC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2010-10-22</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usps.gov/communications/news/stamps/2003/sr03_048.pdf">"usps.gov — Nation's Capital celebrated on new commemorative postage stamp"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-13</span>.</span></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=8">edit</a>]</span><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ul><li><span class="citation book">Berg, Scott W. (2007). <i>Grand Avenues: The Story of the French Visionary Who Designed Washington, D.C.</i>. Pantheon Books. <a rel="nofollow" title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42280-5" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42280-5">978-0-375-42280-5</a>.</span></li><li>Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). <i>Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.</i> George Washington University, Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780972761109">ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9</a>.</li><li><span class="citation book">Caemmerer, H. Paul (1970). <i>The Life of Pierre Charles L'Enfant</i>. Da Capo Press.</span></li><li><span class="citation book">Ellis, Joseph J. (2002). <i>Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation</i>. Vintage. <a rel="nofollow" title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Special:BookSources/0375705244" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375705244">0375705244</a>.</span></li><li>Jusserand, Jean Jules (1916). <i>Major L'Enfant and the Federal City</i> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/238/">With Americans of Past and Present Days</a></i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons New York; Bartleby.com (2000), <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/">"Great Books Online": Official website of Bartleby.com</a>. Retrieved December 8, 2008.</li><li><span class="citation book">Kite, Elizabeth Sarah (1929). <i>L'Enfant and Washington, 1791–1792</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press.</span></li><li><span class="citation Journal">Morgan, J.D. (1899). "Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> <b>2</b>.</span></li><li>Sterling, Christopher H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=7516"><i>Revisiting an Old Controversy</i></a>. Review of Bowling, Kenneth R. (2002), <i>Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic</i>. H-DC, H-Net Reviews. <i>In</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/">H-Net Reviews of the Humanities and Social Sciences</a> <i>in</i> website of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/">H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences Online</a> by The Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online, Michigan State University. Retrieved August 20, 2009.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society+%22+%22Stewart%22&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Steward, John (1898) <i>Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C</i>, Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Vol. 2</a> <i>in</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>. Retrieved September 30, 2009.</li><li>the Scottish Rite Journal - March/April 2011 Edition, published by the Supreme Council of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Masonic Jurisdiction.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant&action=edit&section=9">edit</a>]</span><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal"><table><tbody><tr><td><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"><img height="17" width="32" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png"/></a></td><td><i><b><a rel="nofollow" title="Portal:United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States">United States portal</a></b></i></td></tr><tr valign="middle"><td><a 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Benjamin Banneker Land Surveyor (1731-1806)
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/benjamin-banneker-land
2011-05-08T22:21:05.000Z
2011-05-08T22:21:05.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><div class="noprint" id="mw-head-base"></div><div id="content"><a rel="nofollow" name="top" id="top"></a><div id="siteNotice"><div id="localNotice"><p>It was not one surveyor alone who made the great Capitol city that we call Washington, D.C. L'Enfant did not work alone. The "lone surveyor" is almost as fictional as the "Lone Ranger".</p></div></div><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Benjamin Banneker</h1><div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"></div><div id="protected-icon" class="metadata topicon"><a rel="nofollow" title="This article is semi-protected." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"><img height="20" width="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" alt="Page semi-protected"/></a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Banneker_woodcut,_age_64.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="271" width="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Benjamin_Banneker_woodcut%2C_age_64.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Banneker_woodcut%2C_age_64.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Banneker_woodcut,_age_64.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut">Woodcut</a> portrait of Benjamin Banneker in title page of a Baltimore edition of his 1795<i>Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanac</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac2_0-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac2-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><p><b>Benjamin Banneker</b> (November 9, 1731 – October 9, 1806) was a <a rel="nofollow" title="Free negro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_negro">free</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African American</a><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a rel="nofollow" title="Surveying" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying">surveyor</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac">almanac</a> author and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer">farmer</a>.</p><h2><span id="Family_history_and_early_life" class="mw-headline">Family history and early life</span></h2><p>It is difficult to verify much of Benjamin Banneker's family history. Some writers have stated that he was a grandson of a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American">European American</a>named Molly Welsh, who came to <a rel="nofollow" title="Colonial history of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States">colonial America</a> as an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant">indentured servant</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perot_1-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Perot-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Researchers have questioned this, as Banneker described himself only as having an African ancestry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perot_1-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Perot-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> None of Banneker's surviving papers describe a white ancestor or identify the name of his grandmother.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perot_1-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Perot-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The first published description of Molly Welsh as having come from Europe and as having been white was based on interviews with Molly's descendents that took place during and after 1836, long after the deaths of both Molly and Benjamin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perot_1-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Perot-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The story goes that Molly met a slave named Banneka when she purchased him to help establish a farm located near the future site of Ellicott's Mills (see <a rel="nofollow" title="Ellicott City, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#History">Ellicott City, Maryland, History</a>) west of <a rel="nofollow" title="Baltimore, Maryland" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Toscano_3-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Toscano-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> This part of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland">Maryland</a> was out of the mainstream of the colonial South, and as a result had a more tolerant attitude toward African Americans than did colonial areas in which slavery was more prevalent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Toscano_3-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Toscano-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>One of Banneker's biographers has suggested that Banneka may have been a member of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Dogon people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people">Dogon</a> tribe, which is reputed to have a historical knowledge of astronomy (see <a rel="nofollow" title="Dogon people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people#Dogon_and_Sirius">Dogon and Sirius</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cerami_4-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Cerami-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The biographer further suggested that Banneka may have cleared Molly's land, solved irrigation problems, and implemented a crop rotation for her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cerami_4-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Cerami-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwoods, Molly apparently freed and married Banneka, who may have shared his knowledge of astronomy with her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corrigan_5-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Corrigan-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Benjamin's mother, Mary, was apparently the daughter of Molly and Banneka. Although born after Banneka's death, Benjamin may have acquired some of his grandfather's knowledge via Molly, who may have taught him how to read, farm, and interpret the sky as Banneka had taught her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cerami_4-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Cerami-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Little is known about Benjamin's father Robert, a first-generation slave who had fled his owner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corrigan_5-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Corrigan-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>As a young teenager, Banneker met and befriended Peter Heinrichs, a <a rel="nofollow" title="Quaker" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker">Quaker</a> farmer who established a school near Banneker's family's farm. Heinrichs shared his personal library with Banneker and provided Banneker's only classroom instruction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corrigan_5-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Corrigan-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> (During Banneker's lifetime, Quakers were leaders in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Abolitionism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism">anti-slavery movement</a> and advocates of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality">racial equality</a> in accordance with their <a rel="nofollow" title="Testimony of Equality" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony_of_Equality">Testimony of Equality</a> belief.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>)</p><p>Once he was old enough to help on his parents' farm, Benjamin's formal education ended. He spent most of the rest of his life at the farm.</p><h2><span id="Clockmaking" class="mw-headline">Clockmaking</span></h2><p>Apparently using as a model a pocket watch he had borrowed from a merchant or traveller, Banneker carved wooden replicas of each piece and used the parts to make a clock that struck hourly (See: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_clock">Striking clock</a>). He completed the clock in 1753, at the age of 22. The clock continued to work until his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p42_7-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p42-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Neighbors.2C_work.2C_and_study" class="mw-headline">Neighbors, work, and study</span></h2><p>After his father died in 1759, Banneker lived with his mother and sisters. Then in 1771, a white Quaker family, the Ellicotts, moved into the area and built mills along the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_River">Patapsco River</a>. Banneker supplied their workers with food, and studied the mills. In 1788 he began his more formal study of astronomy as an adult, using books and equipment that George Ellicott lent to him. The following year, he sent George Ellicott his work on the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse">solar eclipse</a>. In February 1791, <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Ellicott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott">Major Andrew Ellicott</a>, a member of the same family, hired Banneker to assist in the initial survey of the boundaries of the 100-square-mile (260 km<sup>2</sup>) federal district (initially, the <a rel="nofollow" title="History of Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C.#Founding">Territory of Columbia</a>; later, the <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">District of Columbia</a>) that Maryland and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a> would cede to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">federal government of the United States</a> for the nation's capital in accordance with the federal <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_Act">Residence Act</a> of 1790 and later legislation (see <a rel="nofollow" title="Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(District_of_Columbia)">Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p113_8-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p113-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-residence_act_9-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-residence_act-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Banneker's activities on the survey team resembled those used in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation">celestial navigation</a> during his lifetime. His duties consisted primarily of making astronomical observations at <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Point">Jones Point</a> in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, to ascertain the location of the starting point for the survey and of maintaining a clock that he used when relating points on the surface of the Earth to the positions of <a rel="nofollow" title="Star" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star">stars</a> at specific times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Because of illness and the difficulties in helping to survey the area at the age of 59, Banneker left the boundary survey in April 1791 and returned to his home at Ellicott's Mills to work on an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris">ephemeris</a>. Andrew Ellicott continued the survey with his brothers Benjamin and <a rel="nofollow" title="Joseph Ellicott" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott">Joseph Ellicott</a> and other assistants through 1791 and 1792.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Banneker.27s_almanacs_and_journals" class="mw-headline">Banneker's almanacs and journals</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BannekerAlmanac.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="330" width="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/BannekerAlmanac.jpg/200px-BannekerAlmanac.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BannekerAlmanac.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Title page of an edition of Banneker's 1792 almanac.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1792_Almanac_14-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1792_Almanac-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><p>At Ellicott's Mills, Banneker made astronomical calculations that predicted solar and <a rel="nofollow" title="Lunar eclipse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse">lunar eclipses</a>for inclusion in his ephemeris. He placed the ephemeris and its subsequent revisions in a number of editions in a six-year series of almanacs which were printed and sold in six cities in four states (Baltimore, Maryland; <a rel="nofollow" title="Philadelphia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>; <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>; <a rel="nofollow" title="Alexandria, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia">Alexandria</a>, <a rel="nofollow" title="Petersburg, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia">Petersburg</a> and<a rel="nofollow" title="Richmond, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a>) for the years 1792 through 1797.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1792_Almanac_14-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1792_Almanac-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac_16-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac3_17-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac3-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> He also kept a series of journals that contained his notebooks for astronomical observations and his diary. The notebooks additionally contained a number of mathematical calculations and puzzles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The title page of an edition of Banneker's 1792 <i>Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris</i> stated that the publication contained:</p><blockquote><p>the Motions of the Sun and Moon, the True Places and Aspects of the Planets, the Rising and Setting of the Sun, Place and Age of the Moon, &c.—The Lunations, Conjunctions, Eclipses, Judgment of the Weather, Festivals, and other remarkable Days; Days for holding the Supreme and Circuit Courts of the <i>United States</i>, as also the useful Courts in <i>Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland</i>, and <i>Virginia.</i> Also—several useful Tables, and valuable Receipts.—Various Selections from the Commonplace–Book of the <i>Kentucky Philosopher</i>, an <i>American Sage</i>; with interesting and entertaining Essays, in Prose and Verse—the whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety than any Work of the <i>Kind</i> and <i>Price</i> in <i>North America</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1792_Almanac_14-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1792_Almanac-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The 1792 almanac included the times for the rising and setting of the sun and moon. Weather forecasts and dates for yearly feasts were also included. Readers also saw a tide table for the Chesapeake Bay and home treatments for illnesses. In his 1793 almanac, Banneker included letters sent between <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac_16-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> The title page of a Baltimore edition of his 1795 almanac had a woodcut portrait of him as he may have appeared, but which a writer later concluded was more likely a portrayal of an idealized African American youth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac3_17-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac3-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_1999.2C_p._297_23-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_1999.2C_p._297-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>The almanacs' editors prefaced the publications with adulatory references to Banneker and his race, such as this excerpt from a 1796 edition:</p><blockquote><p>Not you ye proud, impute to these the blame<br/>If Afric's sons to genius are unknown,<br/>For Banneker has prov'd they may acquire a name,<br/>As bright, as lasting, as your own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac_16-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Supported by Andrew, George and Elias Ellicott and heavily promoted by the Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery of Maryland and of Pennsylvania, the early editions of the almanacs achieved commercial success.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_25-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_pp185-199-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> After these editions were published, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and other prominent <a rel="nofollow" title="Abolitionism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism">abolitionists</a> praised Banneker and his works in the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain">House of Commons of Great Britain</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_pp185-199_25-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_pp185-199-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Views_on_peace.2C_education.2C_and_the_relationship_of_government_and_religion" class="mw-headline">Views on peace, education, and the relationship of government and religion</span></h2><p>Banneker's 1793 almanac contained a copy of "A Plan of Peace-office for the United States" that <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> had authored.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup>The Plan proposed the appointment of a "<a rel="nofollow" title="Secretary of Peace" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Peace">Secretary of Peace</a>" and described the Secretary's powers. The Plan stated:</p><blockquote><p>1. Let a Secretary of Peace be appointed to preside in this office; ...; let him be a genuine republican and a sincere Christian ....</p><p>2. Let a power be given to the Secretary to establish and maintain free schools in every city, village and township in the United States; ... Let the youth of our country be instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and in the doctrines of a religion of some kind; the Christian religion should be preferred to all others; for it belongs to this religion exclusively to teach us not only to cultivate peace with all men, but to forgive—nay more, to love our very enemies....</p><p>3. Let every family be furnished at public expense, by the Secretary of this office, with an American edition of the Bible....</p><p>4. Let the following sentence be inscribed in letters of gold over the door of every home in the United States: The Son of Man Came into the World, Not To Destroy Men's Lives, But To Save Them.</p><p>5. ...<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><h2><span id="Views_on_slavery_and_racial_equality" class="mw-headline">Views on slavery and racial equality</span></h2><p>Banneker expressed his views on slavery and racial equality in a letter to Thomas Jefferson and in other documents that he placed within his 1793 almanac. The almanac contained copies of his correspondence with Jefferson, poetry by the African American poet <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a>and by the English anti-slavery poet <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cowper">William Cowper</a>, and anti-slavery speeches and essays from England and America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1795_Almanac_16-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1795_Almanac-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span id="Letter_to_Thomas_Jefferson_on_racism" class="mw-headline">Letter to Thomas Jefferson on racism</span></h3><p>On August 19, 1791, after departing the federal capital area, Banneker wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, who in 1776 had drafted the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> and in 1791 was serving as the <a rel="nofollow" title="List of Secretaries of State of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Secretaries_of_State_of_the_United_States">United States Secretary of State</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_letter_32-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_letter-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_letter_.28PBS2.29_33-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_letter_.28PBS2.29-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jefferson_biography_35-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Jefferson_biography-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Quoting language in the Declaration, the letter expressed a plea for justice for African Americans. To further support this plea, Banneker included within the letter a handwritten manuscript of an almanac for 1792 containing his ephemeris with his astronomical calculations.</p><p>In the letter, Banneker accused Jefferson of criminally using fraud and violence to oppress his slaves by stating:</p><blockquote><p>…Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested in others, with respect to yourselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The letter ended:</p><blockquote><p>And now, Sir, I shall conclude, and subscribe myself, with the most profound respect,<br/>Your most obedient humble servant,<br/>BENJAMIN BANNEKER.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_letter_p10_37-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_letter_p10-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>An English abolitionist, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Day">Thomas Day</a>, had earlier written in a 1776 letter:</p><blockquote><p>If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signing resolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><h3><span id="Thomas_Jefferson.27s_reply_to_Banneker" class="mw-headline">Thomas Jefferson's reply to Banneker</span></h3><p>Without directly responding to Banneker's accusation, Jefferson replied to Banneker's letter in a series of nuanced statements that expressed his interest in the advancement of the equality of America's black population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Jefferson's reply stated:</p><blockquote><p>Philadelphia Aug. 30. 1791.<br/>Sir,<br/>I thank you sincerely for your letter of the 19th. instant and for the Almanac it contained. no body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colours of men, & that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa & America. I can add with truth that no body wishes more ardently to see a good system commenced for raising the condition both of their body & mind to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecillity of their present existence, and other circumstance which cannot be neglected, will admit. I have taken the liberty of sending your almanac to <a rel="nofollow" title="Marquis de Condorcet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet">Monsieur de Condorcet</a>, Secretary of the <a rel="nofollow" title="French Academy of Sciences" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences">Academy of sciences at Paris</a>, and member of the Philanthropic society because I considered it as a document to which your whole colour had a right for their justification against the doubts which have been entertained of them. I am with great esteem, Sir,<br/>Your most obedt. humble servt.<br/>Th. Jefferson<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jefferson_letter1_40-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Jefferson_letter1-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, to whom Jefferson sent Banneker's almanac, was a noted French mathematician and abolitionist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> It appears that the Academy of Sciences itself did not receive the almanac.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span id="Thomas_Jefferson.27s_letter_to_the_Marquis_de_Condorcet" class="mw-headline">Thomas Jefferson's letter to the Marquis de Condorcet</span></h3><p>When writing his letter, Banneker informed Jefferson that his 1791 work with Andrew Ellicott on the District boundary survey had affected his work on his 1792 ephemeris and almanac by stating:</p><blockquote><p>.... And although I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor, being taken up at the Federal Territory, by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, ....<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_letter_p10_37-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_letter_p10-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>On the same day that he replied to Banneker (August 30, 1791), Jefferson sent a letter to the Marquis de Condorcet that contained the following paragraph relating to Banneker's race, abilities, almanac and work with Andrew Ellicott:</p><blockquote><p>I am happy to be able to inform you that we have now in the United States a negro, the son of a black man born in Africa, and of a black woman born in the United States, who is a very respectable Mathematician. I promised him to be employed under one of our chief directors in laying out the new federal city on the Patowmac, & in the intervals of his leisure, while on that work, he made an almanac for the next year, which he sent to me in his own handwriting, & which I inclose to you. I have seen very elegant solutions of Geometrical problems by him. add to this that he is a very respectable member of society. he is a free man. I shall be delighted to see these instances of moral eminence so multiplied as to prove that the want of talent observed in them is merely the effect of their degraded condition, and not proceeding from any difference in the structure of the parts on which intellect depends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><h3><span id="Thomas_Jefferson.27s_later_opinion_of_Banneker_and_his_letter" class="mw-headline">Thomas Jefferson's later opinion of Banneker and his letter</span></h3><p>In 1809, three years after Banneker's death, Jefferson expressed a different opinion of Banneker in a letter to Joel Barlow:</p><blockquote><p>The whole do not amount, in point of evidence, to what we know ourselves of Banneker. We know he had <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry">spherical trigonometry</a>enough to make almanacs, but not without the suspicion of aid from Ellicot, who was his neighbor and friend, and never missed an opportunity of puffing him. I have a long letter from Banneker, which shows him to have had a mind of very common stature indeed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_1999.2C_p._297_23-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_1999.2C_p._297-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barlow_48-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Barlow-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><h2><span id="Later_life.2C_death_and_burial" class="mw-headline">Later life, death and burial</span></h2><p>Banneker never married. Because of declining sales, his last almanac was published in 1797. After selling much of his farm to the Ellicotts and others, he died in his log cabin nine years later on October 9, 1806, exactly one month before his 75th birthday. His chronic <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, which worsened as he aged, may have contributed to his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> A commemorative <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk">obelisk</a> that the Maryland <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Bicentennial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a> Commission and the State Commission on <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_history">Afro American History</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="African American culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_culture">Culture</a> erected in 1977 stands near his unmarked grave in an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oella,_Maryland">Oella, Maryland</a>,<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard">churchyard</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Mythology_of_Benjamin_Banneker" class="mw-headline">Mythology of Benjamin Banneker</span></h2><p>A substantial mythology exaggerating Banneker's accomplishments has developed during the two centuries that have elapsed since he lived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Toscano_3-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Toscano-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Several such <a rel="nofollow" title="Urban legend" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend">urban legends</a> describe Banneker's alleged activities in the Washington area around the time that he participated in the federal district boundary survey. Others involve his clock and his almanacs. All lack support by historical evidence. Some are contradicted by such evidence.</p><h3><span id="Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington" class="mw-headline">Plan of the City of Washington</span></h3><p>While Andrew Ellicott and his team were conducting the federal district boundary survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Charles L’Enfant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%E2%80%99Enfant">Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</a> was preparing a plan for the federal capital city (the City of Washington), which would be located in a relatively small area bounded by the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River">Potomac River</a>, the<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_River">Anacostia River</a> (known at the time as the "Eastern Branch"), the base of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment">escarpment</a> of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Fall line" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_line#Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line">Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" title="Rock Creek (Potomac River)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_(Potomac_River)">Rock Creek</a>at the center of the much larger 100-square-mile (260 km<sup>2</sup>) federal district.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Passanneau_57-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Passanneau-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> In late February 1792, <a rel="nofollow" title="Presidency of George Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington">President George Washington</a>dismissed L'Enfant, who had failed to have his plan published and who was experiencing frequent conflicts with the three Commissioners that Washington had appointed to supervise the planning and survey of the federal district and city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bowling_61-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bowling-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>According to a Banneker legend, L'Enfant took his plans with him after his dismissal, leaving no copies behind. As the story is told, Banneker spent two days reconstructing the bulk of the city's plan from his presumably <a rel="nofollow" title="Eidetic memory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidetic_memory">photographic memory</a>. According to the story, the plans that Banneker purportedly drew from memory provided the basis for the later construction of the federal capital city. Titles of works relating this fable have touted Banneker as "The Man Who Saved Washington" and "An Early American Hero".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In one version of the tale, Banneker and Andrew Ellicott both surveyed the area of, and configured the final layout for, the placement of major governmental buildings, boulevards and avenues while reconstructing L'Enfant's plan. According to this version, Banneker either "made astronomical calculations and implementations" that established points of significance in the capital city, including those of the "16th Street Meridian" (see <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington meridian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_meridian#White_House">White House meridian</a>), the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Capitol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">Capitol</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)">Treasury Building</a>, or "helped in selecting the sites" of those features.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_plan.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="245" width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Ellicott_plan.jpg/300px-Ellicott_plan.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_plan.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>A contemporary reprint of Andrew Ellicott's 1792 "Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia"</div></div></div><p>However, historical research has shown that the legend cannot be correct.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup>Banneker left the federal capital area and returned to Ellicott's Mills in April 1791.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup>At that time, L'Enfant was still developing his plan for the federal city and had not yet been dismissed from his job.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> L'Enfant presented his plan to President Washington in August 1791, four months after Banneker had left.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stewart-p52_66-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-stewart-p52-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kite_68-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Kite-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Further, there never was any need to reconstruct L'Enfant's plan. After largely completing the district boundary survey, Andrew Ellicott began a survey of the federal city in accordance with L'Enfant's plan. During a contentious period in February 1792, Ellicott informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had refused to give him an original plan that L'Enfant possessed at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_70-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Washington and others, including Ellicott, had in their possession at least one original and copy of various versions of the plan that L'Enfant had also prepared. Andrew Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised L'Enfant's plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_70-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant. After L'Enfant departed, Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with revisions to the plan that he and his brother had made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bowling_61-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bowling-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kite_68-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Kite-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stewart-p55-56_71-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-stewart-p55-56-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>There is no historical evidence that shows that Banneker was involved in any of this. As a researcher has reported, the letter that Andrew Ellicott addressed to the Commissioners in February 1792 describing his revision of L'Enfant's plan did not mention Banneker's name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup>Thomas Jefferson did not describe any connection between Banneker and the plan for the federal city when relating his knowledge of Banneker's works in his 1809 letter to Joel Barlow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barlow_48-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Barlow-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In November 1971, the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service">National Park Service</a> held a public ceremony to dedicate and name Benjamin Banneker Park on <a rel="nofollow" title="L'Enfant Promenade" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_Promenade">L'Enfant Promenade</a>in Washington, D.C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-environmental_assessment_1_73-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-environmental_assessment_1-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p._318_74-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p._318-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" title="U.S. Department of Interior" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Interior">U.S. Department of Interior</a> authorized the naming as an official commemorative designation celebrating Banneker's role in the survey and design of the nation’s capital.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-environmental_assessment_1_73-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-environmental_assessment_1-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> Speakers at the event hailed Banneker for his contributions to the plan of the capital city after L'Enfant's dismissal, claiming that Banneker had saved the plan by reconstructing it from memory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p._318_74-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p._318-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> A researcher later pointed out that these statements were erroneous.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p._318_74-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p._318-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In May 2000, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_H._Kiplinger">Austin H. Kiplinger</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Walter E. Washington" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Washington">Walter E. Washington</a>, the co-chairmen of the Leadership Committee for the planned <a rel="nofollow" title="Historical Society of Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Washington,_D.C.">City Museum of Washington, D.C.</a>, wrote in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</a> that the museum would remind visitors that Banneker had helped complete L'Enfant's project to map the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> A letter to the editor of the Post entitled "District History Lesson" then responded to this statement by noting that Andrew Ellicott was the person who revised L'Enfant's plan and who completed the capital city's mapping, and that Banneker had played no part in this.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a> owns a copy of a plan for the federal city that bears the adopted name of the plan's author, "Peter Charles L'Enfant".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> A 1902 report of a committee of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States Senate</a>, an inlay of the plan in a Washington, D.C., plaza constructed in 1980 (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a>), and at least one book relating the history of the District of Columbia contain copies of the portion of the plan that identifies L'Enfant as the document's author.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Passanneau_57-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Passanneau-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a rel="nofollow" title="National Archives and Records Administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration">National Archives</a> holds a copy of "Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> As an original version of L'Enfant's plan still exists, President Washington and Ellicott clearly had at least one such version available for their use when L'Enfant departed.</p><h3><span id="Appointment_to_planning_commission_for_Washington.2C_D.C." class="mw-headline">Appointment to planning commission for Washington, D.C.</span></h3><p>In 1918, Henry E. Baker, an assistant examiner in the <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office">United States Patent Office</a>, wrote of Banneker in the <i>Journal of Negro History</i>: "It is on record that it was on the suggestion of his friend, Major Andrew Ellicott, ..., that Thomas Jefferson nominated Banneker and Washington appointed him a member of the commission..." whose duties were to "define the boundary line and lay out the streets of the Federal Territory, later called the District of Columbia".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baker_82-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Baker-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Baker did not identify the record on which he based this statement. Baker additionally stated that Andrew Ellicott and L'Enfant were also members of this commission.</p><p>Historical evidence contradicts Baker's statements. In 1791, President Washington appointed <a rel="nofollow" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)">Thomas Johnson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a> and David Stuart to be the three commissioners who, in accordance with the authority that the Residence Act had granted to the President, would oversee the survey of the federal district, and "according to such Plans, as the President shall approve", provide public buildings to accommodate the federal government in 1800.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-residence_act_9-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-residence_act-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mathews_p83_84-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Mathews_p83-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> The Residence Act did not authorize the President to appoint any more than three commissioners that could serve at the same time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> As Banneker, Andrew Ellicott, and L'Enfant performed their tasks during the time that Johnson, Carroll and Stuart were serving as commissioners, President Washington could not have legally appointed either Banneker, Ellicott or L'Enfant to serve as members of the "commission" that Baker described.</p><p>In 1999, a researcher reported that an exhaustive survey of U.S. government repositories, including the Public Buildings and Grounds files in the <a rel="nofollow" title="National Archives and Records Administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration">National Archives</a> and collections in the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>, had failed to identify Banneker's name on any contemporary documents or records relating to the selection, planning and survey of the City of Washington. The researcher also noted that none of L'Enfant's survey papers that the researcher had found had contained Banneker's name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p132_87-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p132-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span id="Other_legends_and_embellishments" class="mw-headline">Other legends and embellishments</span></h3><p>In 1930, writer Lloyd Morris claimed in an academic journal article entitled "The Negro 'Renaissance<span>'</span>" that "Benjamin Banneker attracted the attention of a President.... President Thomas Jefferson sent a copy of one of Banneker's almanacs to his friend, the French philosopher Condorcet...."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Thomas Jefferson sent Banneker's almanac to the Marquis de Condorcet in 1791, a decade before he became President in 1801.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jefferson_biography_35-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Jefferson_biography-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jefferson_letter1_40-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Jefferson_letter1-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_banneker.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="265" width="270" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ben_banneker.jpg/270px-Ben_banneker.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_banneker.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Benjamin Banneker cartoon by <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alston">Charles Alston</a>, 1943, claiming that Banneker had been a "city planner", "was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city of Washington, D.C.", and had "constructed the first clock made in America".</div></div></div><p>In 1943, an African American artist, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alston">Charles Alston</a>, who was at the time an employee of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information">United States Office of War Information</a>, designed a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon">cartoon</a> that embellished the statements that Henry E. Baker had made in 1918.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baker_82-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Baker-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Like Baker, Alston incorrectly claimed that Banneker "was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city of Washington, D.C." Alston extended this claim by also stating that Banneker had been a "<a rel="nofollow" title="Urban planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning">city planner</a>". His cartoon further stated that Banneker had "constructed the first clock made in America".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 1976, the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriter">singer-songwriter</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> celebrated Banneker's mythical feats in his song "Black Man", from the album <i><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life">Songs in the Key of Life</a></i>. The lyrics of the song state:</p><blockquote><p>Who was the man who helped design the nation's capitol, made the first clock to give time in America and wrote the first almanac? Benjamin Banneker – a black man.</p></blockquote><p>The question's answer is incorrect. Banneker did not help design either the <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Capitol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a>or the nation's capital city. The first known clockmaker of record in America was Thomas Nash, an early settler of <a rel="nofollow" title="New Haven, Connecticut" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut">New Haven</a> in 1638.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Uselding_90-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Uselding-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> A known American clock was made in 1680.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> A researcher has noted that at least four clockmakers were working in<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a> before 1753, when Banneker completed his own clock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_pp._43-44_92-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_pp._43-44-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> "Pierce's (Peirse's) Almanac of 1639 calculated for <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England">New England</a> and printed by Stephen Day" preceded Banneker's birth by nearly a century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 1999, the <a rel="nofollow" title="National Capital Memorial Commission" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Memorial_Commission">National Capital Memorial Commission</a> concluded that the relationship between Banneker and L’Enfant was such that L’Enfant Promenade was the most logical place in Washington, DC on which to construct a proposed memorial to Banneker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_95-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> However, a researcher has been unable find any historical evidence that shows that Banneker had any relationship at all to L'Enfant or to L'Enfant's plan for the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p._318_74-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p._318-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p132_87-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p132-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 2000, historians <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a> and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., wrote in the eighth edition of the book, <i>From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans</i>, whose first edition had been published in 1947, that the "most distinguished honor that Banneker received was his appointment to serve with the commission to define the boundary lines and lay out the streets of the District of Columbia." The writers, who referenced Baker's 1918 article, also stated that Banneker's friend, George Ellicott, was a member of the commission and that Thomas Jefferson had submitted Banneker's name to President Washington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>However, neither Banneker nor George Ellicott received appointments to serve on any such commission. Further, although Andrew Ellicott led the survey that defined the District's boundary lines and, with L'Enfant, laid out the capital city's streets, George Ellicott did not participate in either of these activities. Additionally, there is no historical evidence that shows that President Washington participated in the process that resulted in Banneker's appointment as an assistant to Andrew Ellicott on the District boundary survey team.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p113_8-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p113-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> A researcher has been unable to find any documentation that shows that Washington and Banneker ever met each other.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 2002, <a rel="nofollow" title="Molefi Kete Asante" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> included Benjamin Banneker on his biographical list of <i><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> However, a reviewer of this publication stated: "More serious perhaps is the lack of more critical information on the people’s whose biographies are presented."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 2005, actor <a rel="nofollow" title="James Avery (actor)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Avery_(actor)">James Avery</a> narrated a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD">DVD</a> entitled <i>A History of Black Achievement in America</i>. A quiz based on a section of the DVD entitled "Emergence of the Black Hero" asked:</p><blockquote><p>Benjamin Banneker was a member of the planning commission for ____________ .<br/>a. New York City<br/>b. Philadelphia<br/>c. Washington, D.C.<br/>d. Atlanta<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><h3><span id="Historical_markers" class="mw-headline">Historical markers</span></h3><p>Several <a rel="nofollow" title="Historical marker" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_marker">historical markers</a> in Maryland and Washington, D.C., contain information relating to Benjamin Banneker that is unsupported by historical evidence or is contradicted by such evidence:</p><h4><span id="Historical_marker_in_Benjamin_Banneker_Historical_Park.2C_Baltimore_County.2C_Maryland" class="mw-headline">Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland</span></h4><p>A commemorative historical marker that the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Historical_Society">Maryland Historical Society</a> erected on the present grounds of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland">Baltimore County, Maryland</a>, states that Banneker "published the first Maryland almanac" in 1792.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_marker_101-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_marker-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> A researcher has reported that this statement is incorrect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> The researcher stated that Banneker modeled the format of his almanac after a series of almanacs (<i>The United States Almanack</i>) that Andrew Ellicott had authored from 1781 to 1785.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davis_104-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Davis-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott had lived in Maryland during some of those years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davis_104-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Davis-104"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott's almanacs were published in Baltimore, Maryland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Further, Banneker did not "<a rel="nofollow" title="Publishing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing">publish</a>" his 1792 almanac. Although he authored this work, others printed, distributed and sold it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1792_Almanac_14-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-1792_Almanac-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h4><span id="Historical_marker_in_Benjamin_Banneker_Park.2C_Washington.2C_DC" class="mw-headline">Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, DC</span></h4><p>A historical marker that the National Park Service erected in Benjamin Banneker Park in Washington, D.C., states in an unreferenced paragraph:</p><blockquote><p>Banneker became intrigued by a pocket watch he had seen as a young man. Using a knife he intricately carved out the wheels and gears of a wooden timepiece. The remarkable clock he constructed from memory kept time and struck the hours for the next fifty years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_marker2_106-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_marker2-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>However, Banneker completed his clock at the age of 22, when he was still a young man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p42_7-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p42-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> No historical evidence shows that he constructed the clock from memory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> Further, it is open to question as to whether the clock was actually "remarkable".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_pp._43-44_92-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_pp._43-44-92"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> Wooden clocks were apparently constructed in America in 1715, and were in commercial production there by 1745, eight years before Banneker completed his own clock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Uselding_90-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Uselding-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>A photograph on the historical marker illustrates a wooden striking clock that a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut">Connecticut</a> clockmaker built around the same time that Banneker constructed his own clock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> The marker does not indicate that the clock is not Banneker's.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h4><span id="Historical_marker_in_Newseum.2C_Washington.2C_DC" class="mw-headline">Historical marker in Newseum, Washington, DC</span></h4><p>In 2008, when the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newseum">Newseum</a> opened to the public on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> in Washington, D.C., visitors looking over the Avenue could read a historical marker that stated:</p><blockquote><p>Benjamin Banneker assisted Chief Surveyor Andrew Ellicott in laying out the Avenue based on Pierre L’Enfant’s Plan. President George Washington appointed Ellicott and Banneker to survey the boundaries of the new city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Little or none of this appears to be correct. Banneker had no involvement with the laying out of Pennsylvania Avenue or with L’Enfant’s Plan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p136_53-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p136-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Andrew Ellicott surveyed the boundaries of the federal district (not the “boundaries of the new city”) at the suggestion of Thomas Jefferson.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mathews_p83_84-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Mathews_p83-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott (not Washington) appointed Banneker to assist in the boundary survey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p113_8-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p113-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span id="Commemorative_U.S._quarter_dollar_coin_nomination" class="mw-headline">Commemorative U.S. quarter dollar coin nomination</span></h3><p>In 2008, the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the District of Columbia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia#Government">District of Columbia government</a> considered selecting an image of Banneker for the <a rel="nofollow" title="Obverse and reverse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse">reverse side</a> of the District of Columbia<a rel="nofollow" title="Quarter (United States coin)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)">quarter</a> in the 2009 <a rel="nofollow" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarter Program" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_Quarter_Program">District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarter Program</a>. The narrative supporting this selection alleged that Banneker helped design the new capital city, was "among the first ever African-American presidential appointees" and was "a founder of Washington, D.C."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dc1_112-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-dc1-112"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> After the District chose to commemorate another person on the coin, the District's mayor, <a rel="nofollow" title="Adrian Fenty" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Fenty">Adrian M. Fenty</a>, sent a letter to the Director of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint">United States Mint</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_C._Moy">Edmund C. Moy</a>, that claimed that Banneker "played an integral role in the physical design of the nation's capital."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> However, no president ever appointed Banneker to any position. Further, Banneker played no role at all in the design, development or founding of the nation's capital beyond his two-month participation in the two-year survey of the federal district's boundaries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barlow_48-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Barlow-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Benjamin_Banneker_Historical_Park_and_Museum.2C_Baltimore_County.2C_Maryland" class="mw-headline">Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland</span></h2><p>A park commemorating Benjamin Banneker is located at the former site of Banneker's farm and residence in Oella, Maryland, between<a rel="nofollow" title="Ellicott City, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland">Ellicott City</a> and the City of Baltimore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks manages the park, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> The park encompasses 138 acres (0.56 km<sup>2</sup>) and contains extensive nature trails. The primary focus of the park is a museum highlighting Banneker's contributions. The museum contains a visitors center that features a collection of Banneker's works, a community gallery, a gift shop and a patio garden.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>On November 12, 2009, officials opened a 224 square feet (20.8 m<sup>2</sup>) replica of Banneker's log cabin on the park grounds, reportedly two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Baltimore County's delegation to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected to commemorate Banneker stands on the grounds of the park.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_marker_101-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_marker-101"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal">vandals</a> had previously destroyed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Benjamin_Banneker_Park_and_Memorial.2C_Washington.2C_D.C." class="mw-headline">Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington, D.C.</span></h2><p>A small <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_park">urban park</a> memorializing Benjamin Banneker is located inside a traffic circle (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker_Circle">Benjamin Banneker Circle</a>) at a prominent overlook at the south end of L'Enfant Promenade in <a rel="nofollow" title="Southwest, Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest,_Washington,_D.C.">southwest Washington, D.C.</a>, a half mile (800 m) south of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Smithsonian Institution Building" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building">Smithsonian Institution's "Castle"</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall">National Mall</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-environmental_assessment_1_73-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-environmental_assessment_1-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> The National Park Service owns the park and has erected a historical marker there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Banneker_marker2_106-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Banneker_marker2-106"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_2_128-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment_2-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> The park, which was constructed in 1970, dedicated in 1971, and rededicated in 1997, is now stop number 8 on Washington's Southwest Heritage Trail.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-environmental_assessment_1_73-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-environmental_assessment_1-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bedini_p._318_74-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Bedini_p._318-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 1998, the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress">105th United States Congress</a> enacted legislation that authorized the Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia to establish at the Council's expense a memorial on federal land in the District that would commemorate Banneker's accomplishments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_95-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> The Council plans to erect this memorial in or near the park.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_95-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Memorial_132-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Memorial-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the Council held a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrette">charrette</a> to select the artist that would design the memorial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Construction of the memorial was expected to begin after the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_of_Fine_Arts">United States Commission of Fine Arts</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commission">National Capital Planning Commission</a> approved the memorial's design and location in accordance with the legislation that authorized the establishment of the memorial and with the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code">United States Code</a> (40 U.S.C. § 8905).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Memorial_132-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Memorial-132"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the legislative authority relative to locating the Memorial on federal land in the District lapsed on November 6, 2005. This did not preclude the location of the memorial on lands such as the road right-of-way in L'Enfant Promenade that are under the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_95-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Environmental_Assessment_2_128-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-Environmental_Assessment_2-128"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>In 2004, the D.C. Preservation League listed the park as one of the most endangered places in the District because of proposals to redevelop the park's area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the District government and the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> issued an <a rel="nofollow" title="Environmental assessment" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_assessment">environmental assessment</a> for "improvements" to the promenade and park that described some of these proposals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span id="Benjamin_Banneker_postage_stamp" class="mw-headline">Benjamin Banneker postage stamp</span></h2><p>On February 15, 1980, during <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month">Black History Month</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued in Annapolis, Maryland, a 15 cent stamp that illustrated a portrait of Banneker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> An image of Banneker standing behind a short telescope mounted on a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod">tripod</a> is superimposed upon the portrait.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> The device shown in the stamp resembles Andrew Ellicott's transit and equal altitude instrument, which is presently in the collection of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Smithsonian Institution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution">Smithsonian Institution's</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History">National Museum of American History</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup> The stamp is part of the Postal Service's Black Heritage stamp series.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup></p></div></div><div id="footer"><ul id="footer-info"><li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last modified on 26 March 2011 at 10:48.</li><li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a rel="nofollow" href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.<br/>Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li></ul></div>Notes and certain other content have not been included for brevity. To view these visit <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker</a></div>
Andrew Ellicott Land Surveyor (1754-1820)
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/andrew-ellicott-land-surveyor
2011-05-08T22:06:28.000Z
2011-05-08T22:06:28.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><div id="content"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><span class="font-size-2">How many land surveyors does it take to design a city? George Washington, Pierre Charles L'Enfant, Benjamin Banneker, and Andrew Ellicott, were some that have given their collective professional effort for the geometrically unique Capitol City of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.</span></h1><h1 class="firstHeading">Andrew Ellicott (surveyor)</h1><div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a rel="nofollow" title="Andrew Ellicott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott&redirect=no">Andrew Ellicott</a>)</div><div class="dablink">"Andrew Ellicott" redirects here. For his uncle (1733-1809), see <a rel="nofollow" title="Andrew Ellicott (miller)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott_(miller)">Andrew Ellicott (miller)</a>.</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><span class="fn">Andrew Ellicott</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Ellicott.jpg"><img height="262" width="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Andrew_Ellicott.jpg/220px-Andrew_Ellicott.jpg"/></a><br/><span>Miniature portrait from 1799</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span title="1754-01-24" class="mw-formatted-date">January 24, 1754</span><br/>Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td><span title="1820-08-28" class="mw-formatted-date">August 28, 1820</span><br/>West Point, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Occupation</th><td class="role">Surveyor and town planner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Known for</th><td>Surveying many territories west of the Appalachians, the boundaries of the District of Columbia, and completing Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's plan for Washington <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Spouse</th><td>Sarah Brown</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Andrew Ellicott</b> (January 24, 1754 – August 28, 1820) was a <a rel="nofollow" title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor (surveying)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_(surveying)">surveyor</a> who helped map many of the territories west of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Appalachian Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains">Appalachians</a>, surveyed the boundaries of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, continued and completed <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre L'Enfant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_L%27Enfant">Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</a>'s work on the plan for<a rel="nofollow" title="Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and served as a teacher in survey methods for <a rel="nofollow" title="Meriwether Lewis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a>.</p><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#" class="internal" id="togglelink" name="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#Survey_work"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Survey work</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#In_memoriam"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In memoriam</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Early life" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span><span id="Early_life" class="mw-headline">Early life</span></h2><p>Andrew Ellicott was born in <a rel="nofollow" title="Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania">Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania</a> as the first of nine children of <a rel="nofollow" title="Joseph Ellicott (miller)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott_(miller)">Joseph Ellicott</a> (1732 – 1780) and his wife Judith (née Blaker or Bleaker, 1729 – 1809).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gene1_1-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-gene1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gene2_2-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-gene2-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" title="Religious Society of Friends" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends">Quaker</a> family lived in modest conditions; his father was a <a rel="nofollow" title="Miller" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller">miller</a> and clockmaker. Young Andrew was educated at the local Quaker school, where <a rel="nofollow" title="Robert Patterson (educator)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Patterson_(educator)">Robert Patterson</a>, who later became a professor and vice provost at the <a rel="nofollow" title="University of Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, was his teacher for some time. Andrew was a talented mechanic like many of the family and showed some mathematical talent, too.</p><p>In 1770, his father, together with his uncles <a rel="nofollow" title="Andrew Ellicott (miller)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott_(miller)">Andrew</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="John Ellicott (miller)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellicott_(miller)">John</a>, purchased land on the <a rel="nofollow" title="Patapsco River" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_River">Patapsco River</a> and set up a new milling business there, founding the town of <a rel="nofollow" title="Ellicott City, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland">Ellicott's Mills</a> in 1772. Three years later, Andrew married Sarah Brown (1756/8 – 1827) of <a rel="nofollow" title="Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania">Newtown, Pennsylvania</a>, with whom he would have ten children, one of which died as a child. When the <a rel="nofollow" title="American Revolutionary War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</a> broke out, Andrew enlisted as a commissioned officer in the Elk Ridge Battalion of the Maryland militia despite his Quaker upbringing. During the course of the war, he rose to the rank of <a rel="nofollow" title="Major" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major">major</a>, a title he would keep as an honorific throughout his life.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Survey work" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span><span id="Survey_work" class="mw-headline">Survey work</span></h2><p>After the war, Ellicott returned home to <a rel="nofollow" title="Ellicott City, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland">Ellicott's Mills</a> until he was appointed, in 1784, a member of the survey group tasked with extending the survey of the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason-Dixon line" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason-Dixon_line">Mason-Dixon line</a> that had been abandoned in 1767 and then been stalled during the war. In this survey, he worked alongside <a rel="nofollow" title="David Rittenhouse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="James Madison (bishop)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_(bishop)">James Madison</a>, making first connections with the scientific society of <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a>.</p><p>Following the death of their second son, the Ellicotts moved to <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland">Baltimore</a> in 1785, where Andrew taught mathematics at the Academy of Baltimore and was even elected to the legislature in 1786. The same year, he was called upon for a survey to define the western border of<a rel="nofollow" title="Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. This "Ellicott Line" (running north-south at longitude 80°31'12" W <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uscg_3-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-uscg-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>) later became the base line for the surveys of the<a rel="nofollow" title="Northwest Territory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory">Northwest Territory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mile_4-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-mile-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> His work in Pennsylvania intensified his ties with Rittenhouse and other members of the <a rel="nofollow" title="American Philosophical Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society">American Philosophical Society</a> and led to encounters with <a rel="nofollow" title="Benjamin Franklin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Simeon De Witt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_De_Witt">Simeon De Witt</a>. When he was subsequently appointed to lead other surveys in Pennsylvania, the family moved again in 1789 to <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a>. By recommendation of Franklin, Ellicott got a position with the newly established government and was tasked by <a rel="nofollow" title="George Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington">George Washington</a> to survey the lands between <a rel="nofollow" title="Lake Erie" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie">Lake Erie</a> and Pennsylvania to determine the border between <a rel="nofollow" title="Western New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_York">Western New York</a> and U.S. territory, resulting in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Erie Triangle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Triangle">Erie Triangle</a>. This survey, during which he also made the first topographical study of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Niagara River" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River">Niagara River</a> including the <a rel="nofollow" title="Niagara Falls" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, gained Ellicott a reputation for superb accuracy in surveys.</p><p>From 1791 to 1792, at the request of <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Thomas Jefferson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott worked under the direction of three Commissioners that President <a rel="nofollow" title="George Washington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington">George Washington</a> had appointed, surveying the boundaries of the federal <a rel="nofollow" title="History of Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C.#Founding">Territory of Columbia</a>, which would become the District of Columbia in 1801. He was assisted in this survey first by the free <a rel="nofollow" title="African American" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African-American</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Astronomer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Benjamin Banneker" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Banneker">Benjamin Banneker</a> and then by Ellicott's brother, <a rel="nofollow" title="Joseph Ellicott (surveyor)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ellicott_(surveyor)">Joseph Ellicott</a>. Ellicott's team put into place forty boundary stones approximately 1 mile (2 km) apart from each other that marked the borders of the Territory of Columbia of 100 square miles (260 km<sup>2</sup>) (see: <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(District_of_Columbia)">Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)</a>). Most of these stones remain in their original positions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a rel="nofollow" title="Engraving" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving">engravings</a> on many of the stones still show, Ellicott's team placed those that marked the border with Virginia in 1791, and those that marked the border with Maryland in 1792.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="212" width="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/L%27Enfant_plan.jpg/260px-L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Thackara & Vallance's March 1792 print of Ellicott's "Plan of the City of Washington".</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_plan.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="213" width="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Ellicott_plan.jpg/260px-Ellicott_plan.jpg"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_plan.jpg"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>A contemporary reprint of Samuel Hill's 1792 print of Ellicott's "Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia", showing lot numbers and legends.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_House_Lancaster_PA.JPG"><img class="thumbimage" height="195" width="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ellicott_House_Lancaster_PA.JPG/260px-Ellicott_House_Lancaster_PA.JPG"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellicott_House_Lancaster_PA.JPG"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/></a></div>Ellicott's house at 123 N. Prince Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania is listed on the <a rel="nofollow" title="National Register of Historic Places" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></div></div></div><p>During 1791-1792, Ellicott also surveyed the future city of Washington, which was located within a relatively small area at the center of the Territory of Columbia. Ellicott also served under the Commissioners' supervision in this effort. He first worked with Pierre (Peter) Charles L' Enfant, who had prepared the initial plans for the capital city during the early months of 1791 and had presented one of these early plans to President Washington in August of that year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> However, L'Enfant subsequently entered into a number of conflicts with the Commissioners and others involved in the enterprise.</p><p>During a particularly contentious period in February 1792, Ellicott informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with an original plan that L'Enfant was then holding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_9-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_9-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-Ellicott_1792-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bryan-p113_12-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-bryan-p113-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Ellicott's revisions realigned and straightened <a rel="nofollow" title="Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)">Massachusetts Avenue</a>, eliminated five short radial avenues and added two others, removed several plazas and straightened the borders of the future <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary Square" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Square">Judiciary Square</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington_14-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant. Ellicott gave the first version of his own plan to James Thakara and John Valance of Philadelphia, who engraved, printed and published it. This version, printed in March 1792, was the first Washington city plan that received wide circulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington_14-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>After L'Enfant departed, Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with his revised plan, several larger and more detailed versions of which were also engraved, published and distributed. As a result, Ellicott's revisions became the basis for the capital city's future development. When he quit the City of Washington project, Ellicott was relieved to escape the political pressures surrounding that venture.</p><p>In 1794, Ellicott accepted a commission from Pennsylvania to plan the city of <a rel="nofollow" title="Erie, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania">Erie</a>. He spent the next two years with this task, plotting a road from <a rel="nofollow" title="Reading, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a> to<a rel="nofollow" title="Presque Isle State Park" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presque_Isle_State_Park">Presqu'Isle</a>, where the city was to be built, and supervising the construction of Fort Erie.</p><p>In 1796, George Washington commissioned Ellicott as the U.S. representative on the commission for the survey of the border between the <a rel="nofollow" title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spanish</a> territories in <a rel="nofollow" title="Florida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida">Florida</a> and the United States negotiated in the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of San Lorenzo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Lorenzo">Treaty of San Lorenzo</a>. Ellicott travelled with a military escort via the <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio river" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_river">Ohio</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Mississippi River" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River">Mississippi</a> rivers and worked together with Spanish commissioners, despite many difficulties, for the next four years. Another "Ellicott's Line" from this survey, running along <a rel="nofollow" title="31st parallel north" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_parallel_north">latitude 31°N</a>, still defines the border between <a rel="nofollow" title="Alabama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">Alabama</a> and Florida.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ala_19-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-ala-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> One of his markers for the boundary line survives to this day and bears his name, <a rel="nofollow" title="Ellicott's Stone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott%27s_Stone">Ellicott's Stone</a>. In 1798, he complained to the government about four American generals receiving pensions from Spain, including General <a rel="nofollow" title="James Wilkinson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>. Ellicott showed considerable diplomatic talent during this joint project to bring it to a successful completion, and he presented his final report with maps to the government in 1800.</p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" title="John Adams" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams">Adams</a> administration, however, then refused to pay Ellicott for his work done in this survey, and even refused him access to his maps he had submitted with the report. He was forced to sell some of his possessions, including books from his library, in order to support his family. Finally the maps were released in 1803, and Ellicott published his <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> detailing the Florida survey, including the maps. When Thomas Jefferson offered him the post of Surveyor General, Ellicott turned him down. His prior negative experiences with the administration may have had something to do with this, but at the age of 49, he also wanted to spend more time with his family and feared that this new position might require him to travel too much. Instead, he accepted an offer by Pennsylvania governor <a rel="nofollow" title="Thomas McKean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McKean">Thomas McKean</a> and took a position as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Land Office. The family moved to <a rel="nofollow" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, and Ellicott seemed content with a clerk's job that left him enough time for his own scientific and private interests and that provided a steady income for the family.</p><p>Also in 1803, Jefferson engaged Ellicott as a mentor and teacher for <a rel="nofollow" title="Meriwether Lewis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a>, one of the leaders of the <a rel="nofollow" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>that was to start the following year. From April to May 1803, Lewis stayed at Ellicott's home and studied survey techniques, and Ellicott made many recommendations on the expedition's equipment and survey procedures that were later followed. The two men apparently got along well.</p><p>When <a rel="nofollow" title="Simon Snyder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Snyder">Simon Snyder</a> followed McKean as governor of Pennsylvania, he fired Elliott in 1809 due to political differences. A prominent supporter of Snyder was General <a rel="nofollow" title="James Wilkinson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, one of the four generals that Ellicott had denounced eleven years earlier. Ellicott returned to private practice and was hired in February 1811 by <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mitchell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Mitchell">David B. Mitchell</a>, then governor of <a rel="nofollow" title="Georgia (U.S. state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)">Georgia</a>, to re-survey the border between Georgia and <a rel="nofollow" title="North Carolina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a> to settle a border dispute between these two states. Although he started out in July, his expedition was delayed and had to work throughout the hard winter. Ellicott confirmed earlier findings that the border, which was supposed to follow <a rel="nofollow" title="35th parallel north" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_parallel_north">latitude 35°N</a>, was several miles further south than the Georgians claimed. His report was not well received by the Georgian administration, who furthermore refused to pay his fees. Ellicott returned in July 1812 to Pennsylvania.</p><p>In 1813, Ellicott accepted a position as a professor for mathematics at the military academy at <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Military Academy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy">West Point</a>, and the family left Lancaster and moved to <a rel="nofollow" title="West Point, New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York">West Point, New York</a>. In 1817, Ellicott was again called upon to participate as astronomer in a field survey to establish the western border between <a rel="nofollow" title="Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</a> and the United States, which had been defined after the <a rel="nofollow" title="War of 1812" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812">War of 1812</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" title="Treaty of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> to run along<a rel="nofollow" title="45th parallel north" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_north">latitude 45°N</a>. It was the last significant survey that he performed. Ellicott died three years later from a <a rel="nofollow" title="Stroke" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke">stroke</a> in his home at West Point.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: In memoriam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]</span><span id="In_memoriam" class="mw-headline">In memoriam</span></h2><p>Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone, located in <a rel="nofollow" title="Arlington County, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia">Arlington County</a>, <a rel="nofollow" title="Falls Church, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia">the City of Falls Church</a> and <a rel="nofollow" title="Fairfax County, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia">Fairfax County</a> in <a rel="nofollow" title="Northern Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> at the original west corner of the District of Columbia, memorializes Ellicott.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Circles in Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Circles_in_Washington,_D.C.#Southeast">Ellicott Circle</a> and Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia also memorialize him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Notes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>]</span><span id="Notes" class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...."</a> (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900's, a French ambassador to the U.S., <a rel="nofollow" title="Jean Jules Jusserand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a>, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). <i>Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.</i> George Washington University, Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780972761109">ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9</a>). The <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Code" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code">United States Code</a> states in <a rel="nofollow" title="Title 40 of the United States Code" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_United_States_Code">40 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/40/3309.html">§ 3309</a>: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The <a rel="nofollow" title="National Park Service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service">National Park Service</a>identifies L'Enfant as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm#washington">Major Peter Charles L'Enfant</a>" and as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/Nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html">Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</a>" on its website.</li><li id="cite_note-gene1-1"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-gene1_1-0">^</a></b> Williams, R.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/QUAKER-ROOTS/1998-09/0906936665">Genealogy of Andrew Ellicott (1708 – 1741)</a></i>, September 1998. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-gene2-2"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-gene2_2-0">^</a></b> Roberts, R.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=ralphroberts&id=I040719">Genealogy of Joseph Ellicott</a></i>, 2001. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-uscg-3"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-uscg_3-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" title="United States Coast Guard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=a9f9cf687e19df023a15df1f2aa05fd5;rgn=div8;view=text;node=33%3A1.0.1.1.3.7.1.2;idno=33;cc=ecfr">Coast Guard Organization: Ninth Coast Guard District: Buffalo Marine Inspection Zone</a></i>, 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-mile-4"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-mile_4-0">^</a></b> N.N.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bchistory.org/beavercounty/BeaverCountyTopical/geologicalinformation/PublicLandSurveyMSA77/LandSurveyMSA77.html">The Point of Beginning of the United States Public Land Survey</a></i>, Milestones <b>3</b>(4), 1977.</li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Mathews, p. 83</li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boundarystones.org/">"Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia"</a>.<i><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.boundarystones.org">www.boundarystones.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-05-07</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Boundary+Stones+of+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.atitle=www.boundarystones.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundarystones.org&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital : a proposal for their preservation & protection : a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report. <a rel="nofollow" title="National Capital Planning Commission" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commission">National Capital Planning Commission</a>, Washington, DC, 1976; for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office</li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Passanneau, Joseph R. (2004). <i>Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images</i>. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc.. pp. 14–16, 24–27. <a rel="nofollow" title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Special:BookSources/1-58093-091-3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58093-091-3">1-58093-091-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+Through+Two+Centuries%3A+A+History+in+Maps+and+Images&rft.aulast=Passanneau&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft.au=Passanneau%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph+R.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9316%2C+24%E2%80%9327&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=1-58093-091-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-Ellicott_1792-9">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-Ellicott_1792_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." <i>In</i> <span class="citation web">Arnebeck, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html">"Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/swamp1800.html">The General and the Plan</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobarnebeck.com/">Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-30</span></a></span>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ellicott%27s+letter+to+the+commissioners+on+engraving+the+plan+of+the+city%2C+in+which+no+reference+is+made+to+Banneker&rft.atitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com%2Fswamp1800.html+The+General+and+the+Plan%5D&rft.aulast=Arnebeck&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Arnebeck%2C%26%2332%3BBob&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com+Bob+Arnebeck%27s+Web+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobarnebeck.com%2Fellicott.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> Bowling</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Kite, Elizabeth S. <i>"L'Enfant and Washington 1791-1792"</i>. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1929) <i>from</i> <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.html">L'Enfant and Washington</a>"</i>'’in’’ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/">website of Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons)</a> Retrieved January 11, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-bryan-p113-12"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-bryan-p113_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bryan, W.B. (1899). "L’Enfant's Personal Affairs". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> <b>2</b>: 113.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99Enfant%27s+Personal+Affairs&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Bryan%2C+W.B.&rft.au=Bryan%2C+W.B.&rft.date=1899&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=113&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)" class="Z3988"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm">The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/">"Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory"</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/">official website of the U.S. National Park Service</a> Accessed August 14, 2008.</li><li id="cite_note-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington-14">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-Plan_of_the_City_of_Washington_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htm">Plan of the City of Washington</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/washmap.htm">Washington Map Society official website</a>. Accessed May 2, 2008.</li><li id="cite_note-15"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ellicott, Andrew (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=253036">"Plan of the city of Washington in the territory of Columbia : ceded by the states of Virginia and Maryland to the United...; engraved by Thakara & Vallance"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/">Digital Gallery</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" title="New York Public Library" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library">New York Public Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-28</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-16"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3850+ct000512))">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/">American Memory</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" title="Library of Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-28</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62locate1.htm">High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" in Library of Congress, with transcribed excerpts of key to map</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62images/62map1.pdf">enlarged image</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/">official website of the U.S. National Park Service</a> Accessed October 23, 2009</li><li id="cite_note-18"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> The U.S. <a rel="nofollow" title="National Archives and Records Administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration">National Archives</a> holds a copy of "<i>Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington</i>". See <i>"Scope & Contents" page of "Archival Description" for National Archives holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893 - 1950", ARC Identifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Records of the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893 - 1981. Record of holding available from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.html">Archival Research Catalog (ARC) of the National Archives and Records Administration</a> under the ARC Identifier 518229. Accessed February 3, 2009.</i></li><li id="cite_note-ala-19"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-ala_19-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" title="Alabama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">State of Alabama</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/41-2-3.htm">Code of Alabama, sect. 41.2.3: Boundary between Alabama and Florida - Generally</a></i>, 1975.</li><li id="cite_note-20"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/ParksRecreation/scripts/parks/parks_details.asp?ParkName=Andrew%20Ellicott%20Park%20at%20the%20West%20Cornerstone">Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone</a> <i>in</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtonva.us/">Arlington County, Virginia official website</a> Accessed May 2, 2008</li><li id="cite_note-21"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> Coordinates of Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&params=38.8932436_N_-77.1723354_E_type:landmark&title=Andrew+Ellicott+Park+at+the+West+Cornerstone"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.8932436°N 77.1723354°W</span></span></span></a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> Coordinates of Ellicott Circle in the District of Columbia: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&params=38.8755991_N_-76.9746888_E_type:landmark&title=Ellicott+Circle+in+the+District+of+Columbia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.8755991°N 76.9746888°W</span></span></span></a></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> Coordinates of Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span><img class="noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png"/><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&params=38.953402_N_-77.08937_E_type:landmark&title=Ellicott+Street+in+the+District+of+Columbia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">38.953402°N 77.08937°W</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ul><li>Bedini, S. <i>Andrew Ellicott, Surveyor of the Wilderness,</i> Surveying and Mapping (June 1976): 113-135.</li><li>Crim, R. D.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spsu.edu/cet/ellicott/Rock/Crim/ellicott1811.htm">Andrew Ellicott and the North Georgia Boundary of 1811</a></i>, paper submitted to the ACSM/FIG Conference in April 2002 in Washington, D.C. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</li><li>Davis, N.M.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html">Andrew Ellicott: Astronomer, mathematician, surveyor</a></i>, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia Chapter, 2001. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</li><li>Davis, N.M.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2338">Andrew Ellicott and Meriwether Lewis</a></i>, Discovering Lewis & Clark, May 2005. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</li><li><span id="CITEREFLinklater2007" class="citation">Linklater, Andro (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=08d1AAAAMAAJ"><i>The fabric of America: how our borders and boundaries shaped the country and forged our national identity</i></a>, Walker & Co.</span></li><li>Mathews, C.V.C., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/andrewellicott00math">Andrew Ellicott: His Life and Letters</a></i>, Grafton Press, New York, 1908, <i>in</i> website of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/index.php">Internet Archive</a>. Last accessed February 13, 2009.</li><li>Nolan, A. (revised by Kerwin, P.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms006045)"><i>Andrew Ellicott: An Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress</i></a>, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 2003, <i>in</i> official website of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/index.html">U.S. Library of Congress</a> Last accessed February 13, 2009.</li><li>Spies, G.C.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/HS2/HS2_spies.pdf">Major Andrew Ellicott, Esq. — Colonial American Astronomical Surveyor, Patriot, Cartographer,Legislator, Scientific Instrument Maker, Boundary Commissioner & Professor of Mathematics</a></i>, presented at the FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, D.C., April 19–26, 2002, <i>in</i> website of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fig.net/">International Federation of Surveyors, FIG</a> Last accessed February 13, 2009.</li><li>Toscano, P.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=186">Book Review: Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters</a></i>, Professional Surveyor Magazine <b>17</b>(6), September 1996.</li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>]</span><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2><ul><li><span class="citation book">Mathews, Catherine VanCortland (1997) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zOgQAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Andrew+Ellicott%22+married+%22Sarah+Brown%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0"><i>Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters</i></a> (The Grafton Press, Reprint ed.). WorldComm.<a rel="nofollow" title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" title="Special:BookSources/1-56664-111-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56664-111-X">1-56664-111-X</a>.</span></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ellicott_(surveyor)&action=edit&section=7">edit</a>]</span><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal"><table><tbody><tr><td><a rel="nofollow" class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_vip.svg"><img height="28" width="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" alt="P vip.svg"/></a></td><td><i><b><a rel="nofollow" title="Portal:Biography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070913161922/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/patterson_robert.html">Robert Patterson</a> was one of Andrew Ellicott's teachers.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050105195553/http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=165">A report on Ellicott's Florida survey</a>.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050106021353/http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=1303">On the quality of Ellicott's Florida survey</a>.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/3010/gene-19e.htm">Some information of the Florida-Alabama border</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5kmrbv2b5">Archived</a> 2009-10-25).</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enetis.net/~surveyor/nshof/charter.html">National Surveyors Hall of Fame</a>.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2338">Article and portrait at "Discovering Lewis & Clark"</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/article.cfm?request=387">Image of Andrew Ellicott, 1809</a> by painter <a rel="nofollow" title="Jacob Eichholtz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Eichholtz">Jacob Eichholtz</a> of Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=758993">A surveying instrument</a> of Andrew Ellicott, with images.</li></ul><div class="catlinks" id="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a rel="nofollow" title="Special:Categories" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:History of Washington, D.C." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Washington,_D.C.">History of Washington, D.C.</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Lancaster,_Pennsylvania">History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:American surveyors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_surveyors">American surveyors</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:1754 births" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1754_births">1754 births</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:1820 deaths" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1820_deaths">1820 deaths</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" title="Category:People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania">People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania</a></span></div></div><div class="visualClear"></div></div></div><div class="noprint" id="mw-head"><div id="p-personal"><ul><li id="pt-login"><a rel="nofollow" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. 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Robert Yates (Land Surveyor)
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/robert-yates-land-surveyor
2011-05-06T00:15:29.000Z
2011-05-06T00:15:29.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Robert Yates (politician)</h1><div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"></div><p><b>Robert Yates</b> (1738-1801) was a <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician">politician</a> and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge">judge</a> well known for his <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalist</a> stances. He is also well known as the presumed author of political essays published in 1787 and 1788 under the pseudonyms "Brutus" and "Sydney". The essays opposed the introduction of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a rel="nofollow" id="togglelink" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#" name="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Brutus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Brutus</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Writings"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Writings</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Arguments_Against_the_Constitution"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments Against the Constitution</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#The_People.27s_Liberties"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The People's Liberties</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Legislative_Branch"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative Branch</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-7"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Powers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Representation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Representation</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Judiciary_Branch"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Judiciary Branch</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2><p>Robert Yates was born January 27, 1738, in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York">Schenectady, New York</a>, the oldest of 12 children of merchant Joseph Yates and Maria Dunbar.</p><p>He learned the craft of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a> and then decided to pursue a career in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law">law</a>. After clerking for <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Livingston">William Livingston</a> in New York City, in 1760 he was licensed to practice on his own. In 1765, he married Jannetje Van Ness and settled in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York">Albany, New York</a>. The couple had six children.</p><p>Surveying supplemented Yate’s attorney's income as he made a number of important land maps during the 1760s. He drew the first civilian<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map">map</a> of Albany in 1770. He also relied on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage">patronage</a> from the Albany Corporation through his uncle, alderman <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Yates,_Jr.">Abraham Yates, Jr.</a> In 1771, he was elected to the Common Council as an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman">alderman</a> for the second ward. In those years he served on a number of committees, provided legal advice, and stepped forward to compile and issue the first published version of the “Laws and Ordinances of the City of Albany” in 1773.</p><p>From the beginning of the struggle for <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American independence">American independence</a>, although he did not sign the Albany Sons of Liberty constitution of 1766, he was prominent in the local resistance to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act">Stamp Act</a>. By 1774, he had joined the Albany Committee of Correspondence and stood among its first members when the committee’s activities became public in 1775. At that time, he was still a member of the Albany common council - although its activities were being replaced by the extra-legal Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Protection. He represented the second ward on the committee and was in close contact with it from his subsequent offices until it ceased operations in 1778. At the same time, he also served as secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners - a post that required him to travel to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier">frontier</a>.</p><p>Beginning in the spring of 1775, Yates was elected to represent Albany in each of the four New York Provincial Congresses. The first three met in New York, while the last one, convened after the Declaration of Independence, met under duress in locations throughout the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley">Hudson Valley</a>. In 1776-77, he served on the committee that drafted the first New York State Constitution and also was a member of the "Secret Committee for Obstructing Navigation of the Hudson."</p><p>In October 1777, Yates was appointed to the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Supreme Court">New York State Supreme Court</a>.</p><p>When the war ended, although principally an associate justice of the state Supreme Court, Yates maintained a modest legal practice and continued surveying as well. During the 1780s, his political star continued to rise in the "party" of Governor <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> as he spoke in opposition to the expansion of the scope of a national government. In 1787, he was appointed with <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lansing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lansing">John Lansing</a>, Jr. and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>to represent New York at the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia convention">Philadelphia convention</a> to revise the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. Arriving in Philadelphia, Yates and Lansing felt the mood of the convention to produce an entirely new form of government was beyond their authority. After sending a letter to Governor Clinton urging opposition to the new <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution">Constitution</a>, they returned home. His personal notes from the Philadelphia convention were published in 1821.</p><p>In 1788, Yates was elected as an antifederalist delegate to the New York State ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie, and worked against adoption of the Constitution. Among the leading antifederalists who attended the Poughkeepsie Convention, he was the most vocal delegate in support of protecting individual liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> After the Poughkeepsie Convention ratified the Constitution with an accompanying request for amendments to protect individual liberties, Yates pledged his support as a matter of patriotic duty.</p><p>In 1789, he ran for governor against George Clinton with the support of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Federalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Federalists (page does not exist)">New York Federalists</a> - who viewed him as a reasonable, potentially kindred spirit who was not from a wealthy family. He was defeated by Governor Clinton. Approached by the Federalists again in 1792, Yates refused to run citing the financial drain caused by past politicking. In the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernatorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubernatorial">gubernatorial</a> campaign of 1795, considerable sentiment existed for Yates's candidacy as he was firmly established in the center of the former antifederal party. John Jay defeated him in a close election, effectively ending Yates's political career. By then, he already had devoted himself to the law.</p><p>In September 1790, Yates was chosen <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice">Chief Justice</a> of the New York State Supreme Court. He served until the mandatory retirement age of sixty in 1798. Unlike many "new men of the Revolution," he did not attain great wealth and retired to his middling Albany home.</p><p>He died in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York">Albany, New York</a> on September 9, 1801, at age 63.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brutus">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Brutus"><i>Brutus</i></span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings">Writings</span></h3><p>The series of writing that most nearly paralleled and confronted The <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Papers">Federalist Papers</a> during the ratification fight over the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution">United States Constitution</a> was a series of 16 essays published in the <i>New-York Journal, and Weekly Register</i>, which published between 1787 and 1790. The essays were published from October, 1787, through April, 1788, during the same period <i>The Federalist</i> was appearing in New York newspapers. The essays were widely reprinted and commented on throughout the American states. All 16 of the essays were addressed to "the Citizens of the State of New York".</p><p>The author of the anti-federalist essay series was "Brutus," a pseudonym for the author. Brutus is believed by many scholars to be the<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penname" class="mw-redirect" title="Penname">penname</a> of Yates, and named after <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, who helped assassinate <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in order to preserve the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Brutus posed objections to the proposed Constitution, including the necessity of the people to sacrifice liberties to the government, the system of representation in the legislature, the powers of the legislature and judiciary.</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arguments Against the Constitution">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_Against_the_Constitution">Arguments Against the Constitution</span></h3><h4><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The People's Liberties">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_People.27s_Liberties">The People's Liberties</span></h4><p>One of the main objections to the Constitution argued by Brutus is the immense power of the federal government which requires the people to sacrifice their liberties. Like other <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalist</a> writers, he argued that a bill of rights was necessary to protect the people from the government. He urged the people of New York not to ratify the Constitution and therefore give up powers to the government because "when the people once part with power, they can seldom or never resume it again but by force." <sup id="cite_ref-constitution.org_2-0" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-constitution.org-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> In his view, Americans believe “that all men by nature are free” and the new Constitution requires them to give up too many rights which “counteracts the very end of government.” <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> To alleviate this issue, a bill of rights that considers criminal rights, free elections, and freedom of press must be included.</p><h4><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legislative Branch">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_Branch">Legislative Branch</span></h4><h5><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Powers">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Powers">Powers</span></h5><p>Brutus writes the Congress possess far too much power, especially over the states. He prefers a true confederation, which would be: "“a number of independent states entering into a compact, for the conducting certain general concerns, in which they have a common interest, leaving the management of their internal and local affairs to their separate governments.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p>He believes the power to hold a standing army in peacetime as evil and highly dangerous to public liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Congress’ unlimited power to collect revenue and to “"borrow money on the credit of the United States” as well as the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a>, are highly dangerous to the states, and Brutus believes they will eventually be dissolved if the Constitution is adopted.</p><h5><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Representation">Representation</span></h5><p>Brutus argues that a free republic cannot exist in such a large territory as the United States. He uses the examples of the Greek and Roman republics that became tyrannical as their territory grew.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution.org_2-1" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-constitution.org-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> He states that a true free republic comes from the people, not representatives of the people. With the population and geographical size of the United States, he warns that citizens “will have very little acquaintance with those who may be chosen to represent them; a great part of them will, probably, not know the characters of their own members, much less that of a majority of those who will compose the federal assembly; they will consist of men, whose names they have never heard, and whose talents and regard for the public good, they are total strangers to.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> He also sees danger in giving Congress the power to modify the election of its own members.</p><p>Brutus also questions the validity of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Fifths Compromise">Three Fifths Compromise</a> and asks ““If [slaves] have no share in government. why is the number of members in the assembly, to be increased on their account?”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> He sees this as one example of the corruption of the branch. The fact that each state, regardless of size, will have the same number of senators "is the only feature of any importance in the constitution of a confederated government" and is one of the few aspects of the legislature that Brutus approves of (16). He disagrees with the method of electing senators as well as the six year term they are given as he believes spending that much time away from his constituents will make him less in touch with their interests (16). He advocates for a rotation in government to avoid the problem of men serving in the Senate for life. He also objects to Congress taking part in appointing officers and impeachment as it gives them both executive and judicial powers and he deems such blurring of the branches as dangerous (16).</p><h4><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judiciary Branch">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Judiciary_Branch">Judiciary Branch</span></h4><p>Brutus argues that the power given to the judiciary will:</p><ul><li>Extend legislative authority</li><li>Increase jurisdiction of the courts</li><li>Diminish and destroy both the legislative and judiciary powers of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p>He believes that their ability to declare what the powers of the legislature are will lead to extension of legislative power, especially because the Supreme Court can interpret the Constitution according to its "spirit and reason" and will not be bound by its words alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Like in Britain, this will allow them to "mold the government into almost any shape they please." <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, their ability to deem the validity of state legislation overrides the state judiciaries and will eventually make them so "trifling and unimportant, as not to be worth having.” <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> He also thinks there should be more checks on the branch and judges should not only be removed on the basis of crime. He writes "no way is left to control them but with a high hand and an outstretched arm.” <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> Klein, Milton. "Nature’s Gift; The Colonial Origins of the Bill of Rights in New York" in <i>The Bill of Rights and the states: the colonial and revolutionary origins of American liberties</i>, p. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6yyQXl4LmdAC&pg=PA222&dq=%22only+Robert+Yates+and+Abraham+Yates,+Jr.,+appear+to+have%22&hl=en&ei=519bTIv-M4H88AbA-4nPAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false" class="external text" rel="nofollow">222</a> (1992). His uncle <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Yates,_Jr.">Abraham Yates, Jr.</a> was the only other leading antifederalist who spoke out publicly for individual liberties.</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/founders/attended/yates.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Biography of Robert Yates"</a>. Laughtergenealogy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Robert+Yates&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Laughtergenealogy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laughtergenealogy.com%2Fbin%2Fhistprof%2Ffounders%2Fattended%2Fyates.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Robert_Yates_(politician)"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-constitution.org-2">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-constitution.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-constitution.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus01.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #1"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Anti-Federalist+Papers%3A+Brutus+%231&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Constitution.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fafp%2Fbrutus01.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Robert_Yates_(politician)"> </span></li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus02.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #2"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus05.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #5"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus08.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #8"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus04.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #4"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus03.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #3"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8">^ <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus12.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #12"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus11.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #11"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.constitution.org/afp/brutus15.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Anti-Federalist Papers: Brutus #15"</a>. Constitution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-22</span>.</span></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates_(politician)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2vplJvUoi8oC&pg=PA366#PPA366,M1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Writings of Brutus scan</a></li><li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA366&id=2vplJvUoi8oC&output=text" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Writings of Brutus html</a></li><li><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787, Taken by the Late Hon Robert Yates, Chief Justice of the State of New York, and one of the Delegates from That State to the Said Convention (Washington, D.C.: Templeman, 1886)</a></li></ul></div></div>
"A House Divided against itself Can Not Stand"
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/hubs/historyandsurveyingusa/forum/a-house-divided-against-itself
2011-05-05T02:17:52.000Z
2011-05-05T02:17:52.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
<div><table><tbody><tr><td><center><img alt="Abraham Lincoln Online Speeches and Writings" src="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/speechbar.gif"/><br/><font size="2" face="arial"><font size="2" face="arial"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln.html">Home</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/news/news.htm">News</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/books/books.htm">Books</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/speeches.htm">Speeches</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/sites/sites.htm">Places</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/resource/resource.htm">Resources</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/education/educate.htm">Education</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/siteindex.htm">Index</a> | <a rel="nofollow" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/search.htm">Search</a></font></font></center></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><img alt="Lecturn in Representatives Hall, Old State Capitol, Springfield, Illinois" src="http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/divided2.jpg"/><br/><font size="2" face="arial">Representatives Hall Lecturn</font><br/><font size="1" face="arial">© Abraham Lincoln Online</font></td><td valign="top"><h2><font color="#000099" face="arial">House Divided Speech</font></h2><b><font size="2" face="arial">Springfield, Illinois<br/>June 16, 1858</font></b><p> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font size="2" face="arial"><i>On June 16, 1858, more than 1,000 Republican delegates met in the Springfield, Illinois, statehouse for the Republican State Convention. At 5:00 p.m. they chose Abraham Lincoln as their candidate for the U.S. Senate, running against Democrat Stephen A. Douglas. At 8:00 p.m. Lincoln delivered this address to his Republican colleagues in the Hall of Representatives. The title reflects part of the speech's introduction, "A house divided against itself cannot stand," a concept familiar to Lincoln's audience as a statement by Jesus recorded in all three synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke).</i></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><i>Even Lincoln's friends believed the speech was too radical for the occasion. His law partner, William H. Herndon, believed Lincoln was morally courageous but politically incorrect. Lincoln read the speech to him before delivering it, referring to the "house divided" language this way: "The proposition is indisputably true ... and I will deliver it as written. I want to use some universally known figure, expressed in simple language as universally known, that it may strike home to the minds of men in order to rouse them to the peril of the times."</i></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><i>Reflecting on it several years later, Herndon said, "Through logic inductively seen, Lincoln as a statesman, and political philosopher, announced an eternal truth -- not only as broad as America, but covers the world."</i></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><i>Another lawyer, Leonard Swett, said the speech defeated Lincoln in the Senate campaign. In 1866 he wrote to Herndon complaining, "Nothing could have been more unfortunate or inappropriate; it was saying first the wrong thing, yet he saw it was an abstract truth, but standing by the speech would ultimately find him in the right place."</i></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>If we could first know <i>where</i> we are, and <i>whither</i> we are tending, we could then better judge <i>what</i> to do, and <i>how</i> to do it.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>We are now far into the <i>fifth</i> year, since a policy was initiated, with the <i>avowed</i> object, and <i>confident</i> promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, <i>not ceased</i>, but has <i>constantly augmented.</i></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>In <i>my</i> opinion, it <i>will</i> not cease, until a <i>crisis</i> shall have been reached, and passed.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>"A house divided against itself cannot stand."</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half <i>slave</i> and half <i>free</i>.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>I do not expect the Union to be <i>dissolved</i> -- I do not expect the house to <i>fall</i> -- but I <i>do</i> expect it will cease to be divided.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>It will become <i>all</i> one thing or <i>all</i> the other.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Either the <i>opponents</i> of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its <i>advocates</i> will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in <i>all</i> the States, <i>old</i> as well as <i>new</i> -- <i>North</i> as well as <i>South</i>.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Have we no <i>tendency</i> to the latter condition?</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination -- piece of <i>machinery</i> so to speak -- compounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision. Let him consider not only <i>what</i> work the machinery is adapted to do, and <i>how well</i> adapted; but also, let him study the <i>history</i> of its construction, and trace, if he can, or rather <i>fail,</i> if he can, to trace the evidence of design and concert of action, among its chief architects, from the beginning.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>But, so far, <i>Congress</i> only, had acted; and an <i>indorsement</i> by the people, <i>real</i> or apparent, was indispensable, to <i>save</i> the point already gained, and give chance for more.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The new year of 1854 found slavery excluded from more than half the States by State Constitutions, and from most of the national territory by congressional prohibition.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Four days later, commenced the struggle, which ended in repealing that congressional prohibition.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>This opened all the national territory to slavery, and was the first point gained.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>This necessity had not been overlooked; but had been provided for, as well as might be, in the notable argument of <i>"squatter sovereignty,"</i> otherwise called <i>"sacred right of self government," </i>which latter phrase, though expressive of the only rightful basis of any government, was so perverted in this attempted use of it as to amount to just this: That if any <i>one</i> man, choose to enslave<i>another,</i> no <i>third</i> man shall be allowed to object.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>That argument was incorporated into the Nebraska bill itself, in the language which follows: <i>"It being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or state, not to exclude it therefrom; but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States."</i></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Then opened the roar of loose declamation in favor of "Squatter Sovereignty," and "Sacred right of self-government."</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>"But," said opposition members, "let us be more <i>specific</i> -- let us <i>amend</i> the bill so as to expressly declare that the people of the territory may exclude slavery." "Not we," said the friends of the measure; and down they voted the amendment.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>While the Nebraska Bill was passing through congress, a <i>law case</i> involving the question of a negroe's freedom, by reason of his owner having voluntarily taken him first into a free state and then a territory covered by the congressional prohibition, and held him as a slave, for a long time in each, was passing through the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Missouri; and both Nebraska bill and law suit were brought to a decision in the same month of May, 1854. The negroe's name was "Dred Scott," which name now designates the decision finally made in the case.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><i>Before</i> the <i>then</i> next Presidential election, the law case came <i>to,</i> and was argued <i>in,</i> the Supreme Court of the United States; but the <i>decision</i> of it was deferred until <i>after</i> the election. Still, <i>before</i> the election, Senator Trumbull, on the floor of the Senate, requests the leading advocate of the Nebraska bill to state <i>his opinion</i> whether the people of a territory can constitutionally exclude slavery from their limits; and the latter answers: "That is a question for the Supreme Court."</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The election came. Mr. Buchanan was elected, and the <i>indorsement,</i> such as it was, secured. That was the <i>second</i> point gained. The indorsement, however, fell short of a clear popular majority by nearly four hundred thousand votes, and so, perhaps, was not overwhelmingly reliable and satisfactory.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The <i>outgoing</i> President, in his last annual message, as impressively as possible, <i>echoed back</i> upon the people the weight and<i>authority</i> of the indorsement.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The Supreme Court met again; <i>did not</i> announce their decision, but ordered a re-argument.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The Presidential inauguration came, and still no decision of the court; but the <i>incoming</i> President, in his inaugural address, fervently exhorted the people to abide by the forthcoming decision, <i>whatever might be.</i></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Then, in a few days, came the decision.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The reputed author of the Nebraska Bill finds an early occasion to make a speech at this capital indorsing the Dred Scott Decision, and vehemently denouncing all opposition to it.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The new President, too, seizes the early occasion of the Silliman letter to <i>indorse</i> and strongly <i>construe</i> that decision, and to express his <i>astonishment</i> that any different view had ever been entertained.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>At length a squabble springs up between the President and the author of the Nebraska Bill, on the <i>mere</i> question of <i>fact,</i> whether the Lecompton constitution was or was not, in any just sense, made by the people of Kansas; and in that squabble the latter declares that all he wants is a fair vote for the people, and that he <i>cares</i> not whether slavery be voted <i>down</i> or voted <i>up.</i> I do not understand his declaration that he cares not whether slavery be voted down or voted up, to be intended by him other than as an<i>apt definition</i> of the <i>policy</i> he would impress upon the public mind -- the <i>principle</i> for which he declares he has suffered much, and is ready to suffer to the end.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>And well may he cling to that principle. If he has any parental feeling, well may he cling to it. That principle, is the only <i>shred</i> left of his original Nebraska doctrine. Under the Dred Scott decision, "squatter sovereignty" squatted out of existence, tumbled down like temporary scaffolding -- like the mould at the foundry served through one blast and fell back into loose sand -- helped to carry an election, and then was kicked to the winds. His late <i>joint</i> struggle with the Republicans, against the Lecompton Constitution, involves nothing of the original Nebraska doctrine. That struggle was made on a point, the right of a people to make their own constitution, upon which he and the Republicans have never differed.</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>The several points of the Dred Scott decision, in connection with Senator Douglas's "care-not" policy, constitute the piece of machinery, in its present state of advancement. This was the third point gained. The working points of that machinery are:-</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>First, that no negro slave, imported as such from Africa, and no descendant of such slave, can ever be a citizen of any State, in the sense of that term as used in the Constitution of the United States. This point is made in order to deprive the negro, in every possible event, of the benefit of that provision of the United States Constitution, which declares that: "The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States."</b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b>Second, that "subject to the Constitution of the United States, " neither Congress nor a Territorial legislature can exclude slavery from any United States Territory. This point is made in order that individual men may fill up the Territories with slaves, without danger of losing them as property, and thus to enhance the chances of permanency to the institution through all the future.</b></font></p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><br/></b></font><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>Third, that whether the holding a negro in actual slavery in a free State makes him free, as against the holder, the United States courts will not decide, but will leave to be decided by the courts of any slave State the negro may be forced into by the master. This point is made, not to be pressed immediately; but, if acquiesced in for a while, and apparently indorsed by the people at an election, then to sustain the logical conclusion that what Dred Scott's master might lawfully do with Dred Scott, in the free State of Illinois, every other master may lawfully do with any other one, or one thousand slaves, in Illinois, or in any other free State.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>Auxiliary to all this, and working hand in hand with it, the Nebraska doctrine, or what is left of it, is to educate and mold public opinion, at least Northern public opinion, not to care whether slavery is voted down or voted up. This shows exactly where we now are; and partially, also, whither we are tending.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>It will throw additional light on the latter, to go back, and run the mind over the string of historical facts already stated. Several things will now appear less dark and mysterious than they did when they were transpiring. The people were to be left "perfectly free," subject only to the Constitution. What the Constitution had to do with it, outsiders could not then see. Plainly enough now, it was an exactly fitted niche, for the Dred Scott decision to afterward come in, and declare the perfect free freedom of the people to be just no freedom at all. Why was the amendment, expressly declaring the right of the people, voted down? Plainly enough now: the adoption of it would have spoiled the niche for the Dred Scott decision. Why was the court decision held up? Why even a Senator's individual opinion withheld, till after the presidential election? Plainly enough now- the speaking out then would have damaged the perfectly free argument upon which the election was to be carried. Why the outgoing President's felicitation on the indorsement? Why the delay of a re-argument? Why the incoming President's advance exhortation in favor of the decision? These things look like the cautious patting and petting of a spirited horse, preparatory to mounting him, when it is dreaded that he may give the rider a fall. And why the hasty after-indorsement of the decision by the President and others?</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>We cannot absolutely know that all these exact adaptations are the result of preconcert. But when we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we know have been gotten out at different times and places, and by different workmen- Stephen, Franklin, Roger, and James, for instance-and when we see these timbers joined together, and see they exactly matte the frame of a house or a mill, all the tenons and mortices exactly fitting, and all the lengths and proportions of the different l pieces exactly adapted to their respective places, and not a piece. too many or too few,-not omitting even scaffolding-or, if a single piece be lacking, we see the place in the frame exactly fitted and prepared yet to bring such piece in-in such a case we find it impossible not to believe that Stephen and Franklin and Roger and James all understood one another from the beginning and all worked upon a common plan or draft drawn up before the first blow was struck.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>It should not be overlooked that, by the Nebraska Bill, the people of a State, as well as a Territory, were to be left "perfectly free," "subject only to the Constitution." Why mention a State? They were legislating for Territories, and not for or about States. Certainly the people of a State are and ought to be subject to the Constitution of the United States; but why is mention of this lugged into this merely Territorial law? Why are the people of a Territory and the people of a State therein lumped together, and their relation to the Constitution therein treated as being precisely the same? While the opinion of the court, by Chief-Justice Taney, in the Dred Scott case and the separate opinions of all the concurring judges, expressly declare that the Constitution of the United States neither permits Congress nor a Territorial legislature to exclude slavery from any United States Territory, they all omit to declare whether or not the same Constitution permits a State, or the people of a State, to exclude it. Possibly this is a mere omission; but who can be quite sure, if McLean or Curtis had sought to get into the opinion a declaration of unlimited power in the people of a State to exclude slavery from their limits, just as Chase and Mace sought to get such declaration, in behalf of the people of a Territory, into the Nebraska Bill-I ask, who can be quite sure that it would not have been voted down in the one case as it ad been in the other? The nearest approach to the point of declaring the power of a State over slavery is made by Judge Nelson. He approaches it more than once, using the precise idea, and almost the language, too, of the Nebraska Act. On one occasion, his exact language is, "except in cases where the power is restrained by the Constitution of the United States the law of the State is supreme over the subject of slavery within its g jurisdiction." In what cases the power of the States is so restrained by the United States Constitution is left an open question, precisely as the same question, as to the restraint on the power of the Territories, was left open in the Nebraska Act Put this and that together, and we have another nice little niche which we may ere long see filled with another Supreme Court decisions declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a State to exclude slavery from its limits. And this may especially be expected if the doctrine of "care not wether slavery be voted down or voted up," shall gain upon he public mind sufficiently to give promise that such a decision an be maintained when made.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>Such a decision is all that slavery now lacks of being alike lawful in all the States. Welcome, or unwelcome, such decision is probably coming, and will soon be upon us, unless the power of the present political dynasty shall be met and overthrown. We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri. are on the verge of making their State free, and we shall awake to the reality instead, that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave State. To meet and overthrow the power of that dynasty is the work now before all those who would prevent that consummation. This is what we have to do. How can we best do it ? There are those who denounce us openly to their own friends and yet whisper us softly, that Senator Douglas is the aptest instrument there is with which to effect that object. They wish us to infer all from the fact that he now has a little quarrel with the present head of the dynasty; and that he has regularly voted with us on a single point, upon which he and we have never differed. They remind us that he is a great man, and that the largest of us are very small ones. Let this be granted. But "a living dog is better than a dead lion." Judge Douglas, if not a dead lion, for this work, is at least a caged and tooth. less one. How can he oppose the advances of slavery? He does not care anything about it. His avowed mission is impressing the "public heart" to care nothing about it. A leading Douglas Democratic newspaper thinks Douglas's superior talent will be needed to resist the revival of the African slave trade. Does Douglas believe an effort to revive that trade is approaching ? He has not said so. Does he really think so? But if it is, how can he resist it? For years he has labored to prove it a sacred right of white men to take negro slaves into the new Territories. Can he possibly show that it is less a sacred right to buy them where they can be bought cheapest? And unquestionably they can be bought cheaper in Africa than in Virginia. He has done all in his power to reduce the whole question of slavery to one of a mere right of property; and as such, how can he oppose the foreign slave trade-how can he refuse that trade in that "property" shall be "perfectly free"-unless he does it as a protection to the home production? And as the home producers will probably not ask the protection, he will be wholly without a ground of opposition.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>Senator Douglas holds, we know, that a man may rightfully be wiser today than he was yesterday-that he may rightfully | change when he finds himself wrong. But can we, for that reason, run ahead, and infer that he will make any particular change, of which he, himself, has given no intimation? Can we safely base our action upon any such vague inference? Now, as ever, I wish not to misrepresent Judge Douglas's position, question his motives, or do aught that can be personally offensive to him. Whenever, if ever, he and we can come together on principle so that our cause may have assistance from his great ability, I hope to have interposed no adventitious obstacle. But clearly, he is not now with us-he does not pretend to be-he does not promise ever to be.</strong></b></font></p><font size="2" face="arial"><br/></font><p><font size="2" face="arial"><b><strong>Our cause, then, must be intrusted to, and conducted by, its own undoubted friends-those whose hands are free, whose hearts are in the work-who do care for the result. Two years ago the Republicans of the nation mustered over thirteen hundred thousand strong. We did this under the single impulse of resistance to a common danger, with every external circumstance against us. Of strange, discordant, and even hostile elements, we gathered from the four winds, and formed and fought the battle through, under the constant hot fire of a disciplined, proud, and pampered enemy. Did we brave all them to falter now?-now, when that same enemy is wavering, dissevered, and belligerent? The result is not doubtful. We shall not fail-if we stand firm, we shall not fail. Wise counsels may accelerate, or mistakes delay it, but, sooner or later, the victory is sure to come.</strong></b></font></p><p><font size="2" face="arial"><strong> </strong></font></p><hr/><font size="2" face="arial"><strong>Source: <i><a rel="nofollow" target="box" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/l/lincoln/">Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln</a></i>, edited by Roy P. Basler.</strong></font></div>
NOTABLE SURVEYORS in US History
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2011-04-06T14:18:48.000Z
2011-04-06T14:18:48.000Z
Scott D. Warner, PLS
https://landsurveyorsunited.com/surveyors/ScottDWarnerRLS
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