Land Surveyors United HANDBOOK

Aerial photography

Photography of part of the earth's surface, but is not rectified to account for differences in scale throughout the photograph.

Altitude

The vertical angle between the plane of the horizon and the line to the object which is observed. In photogrammetry, altitude applies to elevation above a datum of points in space.

Aneroid barometer

An instrument used to obtain heights above sea level by measuring atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure varies with the height above or below sea level, the height can be read directly from the height scale on the barometer.

Archaeological record

The archaeological record exists as a repository. Inside lie the decaying material remains of ancient beings and civilisations. As archaeologists approach their work, they encounter raw data from the archaeological record that serves as the source of their evidence to interpret.

ATS

The Automated Title System is the computerised legal register of freehold land, State tenure land and Reserve land in Queensland. The system also automates elements of the document receiving, lodgement, tracking and registration processes.

Australian Height Datum

The datum used to determine elevations in Australia. The AHD is based on mean sea level being zero elevation.

Azimuth

The horizontal angle measured from the meridian planes (a plane which contains the polar axis, being true north).

Baseline

A surveyed line usually several kilometres long. It is established with the utmost precision available at the time. Surveys refer to the baseline for coordination and correlation. The baseline accumulates distances throughout a triangulation network, extending to other baselines, providing further integrated control.

Beam compass

A drafting instrument used for drawing circles with a long radius. The point and scribe are separate units, mounted to slide and clamp on a long beam.

Bearing

An angle measured clockwise from a north line of 0° to a given surveyed line.

Bench mark

A permanent object, natural or artificial, displaying a marked point whose elevation above or below an adopted datum is known.

Blaze

A mark carved in a tree trunk at about breast height, signifying close proximity of a survey line

Cadastral

A Latin term from 'cadastre' referring to a registry of lands. Cadastral surveying is the process of determining and defining land ownership and boundaries.

Cadastral map

A map depicting land parcels and associated nomenclature.

Cartography

The art and science of the production of maps. This includes the construction of projections, design, compilation, drafting and reproduction.

Chart

Special purpose navigation maps chiefly used for nautical, aeronautical and mapping of the cosmos.

CISP

The Computer Inventory of Survey Plans is a database that provides current and historical survey plan information. It includes images of all survey plans registered in Queensland.

Clinometer

An instrument used to determine the angle of elevation or depression. A De Lisle's Pendent Clinometer was used by surveyors and engineers to set out slopes and gradients in the construction of paths, tracks and roads.

Compass

The magnetic compass has a pivoting magnetised needle that always points to magnetic north (geological features may influence readings). The compass circumference is divided into degrees from which a bearing of a chosen direction from magnetic north can be determined. A compass magnetic bearing must be converted to a grid bearing for plotting on a map.

Contour interval

The difference in elevation between adjacent contours as delineated on a map.

Contours

Lines joining points of equal height as shown on a topographic map. Contour lines that are relatively close together depict an area of steep terrain on the earth's surface.

Crown land

Land belonging to the reigning sovereign.

Datum

A mathematical representation that best fits the shape of the earth. Accurate mapping and coordinate systems must be based on a datum. A new datum known as the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) was introduced in 2000 to bring Australia in line with the rest of the world's coordinate systems. GDA is also totally compatible with satellite based navigation systems, for example Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The previous datum used in Australia was known as the Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD). However, this was restricted because it was defined to best fit the shape of the earth in the Australian region only. The change in datums had a major consequence to all coordinates. Both latitudes/longitudes and eastings/northings were shifted by approximately 200 metres in a north-easterly direction.

DCDB

The Digital Cadastral Database is the spatial representation of every parcel of land in Queensland. This is along with its legal Lot on Plan description and relevant attributes. It provides the map base for systems dealing with land related information.

Description of country

As described in the 1916 'Rules and Directions for the Guidance of Surveyors': "Country, whether undulating, broken, or rugged; timber, whether open, thick, heavy, or with undergrowth; scrubs, their character and situation, should be specially noted in field-books, as the rate of additional payment that may be allowed on such account is based on the information supplied".

EDME

Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment. This instrument measures distances using light or sound waves.

Elevation

The height above mean sea level.

ERTS

Earth Resources Technology Satellite. This was later renamed Landsat.

GDA94

The geodetic coordinate of latitude and longitude generated using GDA as the datum as at 1 January 1994.

Geocentric datum

A datum which has its origin at the Earth's centre of mass. This datum can therefore be used anywhere on the planet and be compatible with the same datum anywhere else on the planet.

Geodesy

The science and mathematical calculations of the shape and size of the Earth.

Geographical coordinates

A point on a map given as latitude and longitude readings. The values are given as degrees, minutes and seconds.

Geographic Information Systems

GIS is the spatial capture of themed data layers and the storing, analysing and displaying of the geographically referenced information. A GIS also includes the procedures, software, hardware, operating personnel and spatial data associated with the system.

Global Positioning System

GPS is a satellite based navigation system originally developed by the United State's Department of Defence. A GPS receiver calculates a position by measuring distances to four or more satellites of a possible 24. These orbit the Earth at all times.

Graticule

A network of crossing lines on a map representing parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude as defined by the projection.

Grid

A group of parallel lines that run perpendicular to another group of parallel lines to form a map coverage of squares.

Grid coordinates

A point on a map given as an easting and northing reading. The values are given in metres.

Grid north

The direction of the vertical grid lines shown on a topographic map. The difference between grid north and true north is referred to as grid convergence.

Gunter's chain

A distance measuring device composed of 100 metal links fastened together with rings. The length of the chain is 66 feet. It was invented in about 1620 by English astronomer, Edmund Gunter.

Hunter-gatherer

A member of a society who gains their subsistence in the wild on food obtained by hunting and foraging.

Hydrography

Features including rivers, streams, lakes, swamps and other water related features.

Hypsometric tinting

The use of different colours to signify changing elevations on a topographic map.

Latitude

The angular distance along a meridian measured from the Equator, either north or south.LeClanche Cell

The cell consists of a glass vessel into which a zinc rod and a cylindrical pot of porous earthenware is placed. The earthenware pot holds a carbon plate. A mixture of equal parts of carbon and needle binoxide of manganese is packed around this plate. To set the cell into action, the glass vessel is nearly filled with a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac. A reaction takes place and a voltage of 1.46 volts is generated.

Lifeways

A term often used within the discipline of archaeology and denotes a customary way of living, or a way of life among people.

Lithography

This is based on the principle that water and grease don't mix. After an image is drawn on limestone with a greasy medium, the stone is dampened and ink is applied with a roller. The greasy image repels the water and retains the ink. Paper is then pressed onto the surface.

Lockspit

Trenches dug beside a peg or post along the survey lines from the corner of a subject parcel. An example clause taken from the 1916 'Rules and Regulations for the Guidance of Surveyors' states:
On each side of the split pegs, and distant about one foot, lockspits, three feet in length and six inches in depth, are ... to be dug in the direction of the surveyed line. On very stony lands, rows of stones placed in the direction of the surveyed line may be substituted for dug-out lockspits.

Log tables

A set of tables used to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction rather than multiplication and division.

Longitude

The angular distance measured from a reference meridian, Greenwich, either east or west.

Magnetic north

The direction from a point on the earth's surface to the north magnetic pole. The difference between magnetic north and true north is referred to as magnetic declination.

Map

A representation of the earth's surface where constituancies and related nomenclature are portrayed to a specific format.

Map projection

A means of systematically representing the meridians and parallels of the earth onto a plane surface.

Map scale

The relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the earth's surface.

Mark

An object, for example an imprinted metal disc, used to designate a survey point. It is usually associated with terms such as reference mark, azimuth mark or bench mark.

Material culture

A term that refers to the physical objects created by a culture. This could include the buildings, tools and other artefacts created by the members of a society.

Measuring scales

Measuring scales allow the user to represent a subject or drawing to a recognisable reduction or constant ratio of the actual or proposed size. Many early scales were made of silver, ivory, bone or boxwood.

Mercator projection

A conformal cylindrical projection tangential to the Equator. Rhumb lines on this projection are represented as straight lines.

Meridian

A straight line connecting the North and South Poles and traversing points of equal longitude.

Metes and bounds

The oldest known form of describing the perimeter of a parcel of land. The method of describing the boundary of a parcel of land in which the bearing and length of each successive line is given. Lines may also be described as following some apparent line, for example the bank of a stream.

MGA94

The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates of eastings, northings, and zones generated from GDA94 are called Map Grid of Australia 1994 coordinates.

Mosaic

A number of continuous aerial photographs overlapped and joined together by way of 'best fit' to form a single non-rectified image.

Orthophoto

Aerial photograph images transformed using an 'orthophoto verification' process to remove distortions and capable of registering perfectly with cadastral data.

Overlay

Information recorded on a transparent medium, superimposed and registered to one or more other records.

Peg

Used to mark survey corners on smaller portions or acreage. The size of the peg was determined by the 'Rules and Directions for the Guidance of Surveyors' editions. These referred to various land acts of the time from the 1860s onwards.

Photogrammetry

The science of obtaining reliable measurements by photography.

Photolithography

The process used in a semiconductor operation, which transfers the pattern of an image held on a photomask, onto a flat substrate surface. It follows similar principles to conventional lithography.

PLI

The Property Location Index is a database which provides a link between the parcel identifier (lot on plan) and its location address. It is considered the point of truth for location addresses.

Rectification

The mathematical and calculated correction made to an aerial photograph to show its true ground position at a consistent scale.

Rhumb line

A straight line connecting two points on the earth's surface which cuts all meridians at the same angle. The line maintains a constant bearing.

RIME

The Resource Information Management Environment provides for the storage, management and dissemination of extensible digital topographic data held within the Department of Natural Resources and Water. It is a seamless, multi-scale environment covering Queensland.

Run

A large area of land in which squatters could depasture their stock without a lot of fencing necessary. Employed shepherds looked after various areas of the runs. Runs became consolidated pastoral holdings. Many of the runs were about 25 sq miles in area and later became parishes.

Sahul

This is the name given to the continent when Australia and New Guinea were a single landmass during the Pleistocene era. During this period, sea levels were approximately 150 metres lower than present levels.

Sandy Blight

A layman's term for chronic infection of the eyes with the trachoma organism, possibly leading to blindness. It is believed early European settlers brought the trachoma to Australia. Their poor hygiene evident in the low standard housing conditions, along with the dirt, heat and flies, caused the disease to become widespread. As living conditions improved, Sandy Blight in Australia had all but disappeared by the 1930s.

SCDB

The Survey Control Database is a computerised record of the State's geodetic survey control data. Surveyors place and connect to these survey control points. The geodetic network provides a spatial reference framework for all surveys.

Selection

Runs were subdivided into selections for farming, agriculture and grazing homesteads. After a period of yearly rental payments, the selector could often obtain freehold ownership.

SMIS

SmartMap Information Services is an electronic application that accesses, integrates and delivers (through the SmartMap interface) data available from many land-related datasets. These include ATS, DCDB, CISP, PLI, SCDB, Place Names and Aerial Photography Databases.

Spatial information

Data that has a geographical reference to a location on the earth's surface. This includes latitude and longitude co-ordinates, street address and lot number on plan.

SunPOZ

Developed within the Dept of Natural Resources and Water, SunPOZ uses Virtual Reference Station technology by bringing together GPS architecture, networked computers and mobile phone communications to output centimetre-accurate positions in real time.

Survey post

Posts used on corners of large rural size blocks of land or town section corners. They were sharpened to a point, buried in the ground and exposed approximately 3'6" out of the ground.

Theodolite

Instrument used by a surveyor for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Tindale, Norman

A well known Australian anthropologist born in 1900. He was the curator of anthropology at the South Australian Museum for over 30 years. He is remembered for his work with the Australian Aborigines where he undertook the task of mapping Aboriginal Australia into language and territory groups along with the recording of numerous Aboriginal genealogies.

Topographic map

A detailed representation of cultural, hydrographic relief and vegetation features. These are depicted on a map on a designated projection and at a designated scale.

Transverse Mercator Projection

A projection similar to the Mercator projection, but has the cylinder tangent at a particular meridian rather than at the equator.

Trigonometrical survey

A concise method of surveying in which the stations are points on the ground located at vertices of a chain or network of triangles. The angles of the triangles are measured instrumentally and the sides are derived by computation from selected sides termed as baselines.

True north

The direction to the Earth's geographic North Pole.

VRS

Virtual Reference Station. See SunPOZ

Weichsel glaciation

The last glaciation of the ice age. An ice age is known as a period of low temperatures in the earth's climate causing an expansion of the earth's polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers. There have been approximately four distinct ice ages during the earth's history.

ONLINE SCHOOLS FOR CERTIFICATION

Auburn University

• 2007 National Readjustment of the North American Datum 1983
• ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey (V06E hrs changed 04-01-07)
• Colonial Land System and the Building of America
• Construction Surveying
• Geodesy for Engineers and Surveyors
• History of Surveying Instruments: Impact and Accuracy
• History of the Government Land Office
• Improving Surveying Field Procedures using the Total Station
• Improving Surveying Field Procedures using the Total Station
• Land Surveying Ethics - Mississippi
• Professional Ethics for the Kentucky Land Surveyor
• Professional Ethics for the Land Surveyor
• Rectangular Land System: Subdivision of Public Lands
• Role of Engineers and Surveyors in Geographic Information Systems
• Soils for Pavements
• Standards of Practice for Surveying in Alabama
• State Plane Coordinates
• Surveying with GPS (V05D hrs changed 05-01-07)
• Understanding Boundary Law - Case Law and Principles of Surveying Law
• Vertical Datums and Leveling

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

http://www.cinstate.cc.oh.us
Cincinnati State Technical & Community College - Engineering Technologies

http://www.etsu.edu/scitech/gggs
East Tennessee State University - Surveying and Mapping Science Program

http://www.tech.mtu.edu/
Michigan Technology University - Surveying Program

http://www-ec.njit.edu/surveying/surveying.html
New Jersey Institute of Technology - Surveying Engineering and Technology Program

http://www-ceg.eng.ohio-state.edu
The Ohio State University - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering & Geodetic Science

http://www.oit.edu/eit/sur
Oregon Institute of Technology - Surveying Program

http://surveying.wb.psu.edu
Penn State Wilkes-Barre - College of Engineering and Surveying Program

http://www.purdue.edu/odos/srbank/sreng.htm
Purdue University - School of Civil Engineering

http://rangerschool.esf.edu
Suny - ESF Ranger School

http://www.sci.tamucc.edu/gis
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi - Dept. of Computers & Mathematics

http://ses.uwyo.edu/occc/degree.html
University of Wyoming - Civil and Architectural Engineering

http://www.sur.ufl.edu/gsa
University of Folorida - Geomatica Student Association

SURVEYORS' SLANG

• Balls - Slang for numeric .00, as in 4-balls (4.00)
• Beep - Verb. To use a magnetic detector to look for iron pipe, etc.
• Boot - To raise the levels rod some number of inches so as to be visible to the instrument man, e.g. "Boot 6!" means "raise it 6 inches."
• Blue topping - In road or grading work the surveyor sets stakes and paints their tops blue to represent the required elevation. Graders then work to just cover the blue tops of the stakes.
• Bug - To use a magnetic locator to search for an iron pipe.
• Bullseye - Zero degrees of inclination.
• Burn - See shoot
• Burn one - Measure from the one foot mark on the tape rather than from the end of the tape in order to increase the accuracy of the measurement.
• Cut line - To clear vegetation for a line of sight between two survey control points.
• Double nickel - Slang for .55, as in 6-double nickel (6.55)
• Dummy or dummy-end - The base or zero end of a tape or chain, as in "hold dummy at the face of the curb."
• EDM - Electromagnetic Distance Measurement device, the instrument used by modern surveyors that replaces the use of measurement chains. It determines distance by measuring the time it takes for laser light to reflect off a prism on top of a rod at the target location.
• Ginney - A wooden dowel 6-9 inches in length with a sharpened end. Set in the ground to mark survey points.
• Glass - The EDM prism.
• Gun - Originally, a transit, but potentially any measurement instrument in use, e.g. theodolite, EDM, or Total Station.
• Hours - Degrees
• Hub and Tack - A 2" by 2" stake that is set in the ground and that contains a nail ("tack") that precisely marks the point being set.
• Jigger - Transit (Australia and New Zealand)
• Legs - Tripod
• Pogo - Prism pole
• Punk - See railroad.
• Railroad - Slang for eleven, as in 42-railroad (42.11)
• Rodman - The person holding the rod with the EDM prism. This person is the modern version of a chain carrier or chain man.
• Shoot - Measure distance with an EDM
• Spike - Usually a 60 penny nail used to mark survey points in hard ground.
• Stob - In the southeast U.S., a wooden stake or post, but in modern surveying, a piece of rebar used to mark a property boundary.
• Tie - To locate something with the transit or other measuring device.
• Top - Slang for eleven. See railroad.
• Trip - Slang for triple digits, as in trip5 means 555, and 43trip7 means 43.777
• Turn - The rodman is told to stay in place while the gun or level is moved to a new location.
• Zero - Zero degrees, minutes, and seconds. A perfect zero.

SURVEYORS' ABBREVIATIONS

B.R.L. - Building restriction line.

FD - Found

IPF - Iron pipe found

IRF - Iron rod found

L.O.D. - Limit of Disturbance. The area to be cleared, graded, etc.

MAG - New concrete nails are magnetic nails and are stamped with MAG on the head and are easier to find with metal detectors.

NPP - Nail in power pole

NTCFP - Nail on top of corner fence post

NTFP - Nail on top of fence post

PI - Point of intersection

PK - Point Known, PK nail

PK nail - A concrete nail made by Parker Kaelon, stamped PK, that marks a survey point. See also hub and tack.

SR - Steel rebar

SRS - Steel rod set (rebar or other steel)

WC - Witness corner

• AvisMap - AvisMap GIS Engine for custom development of GIS solutions and applications
• AzTechSoft - GPS2CAD software for data logging
• Back Country Navigator - Software for GPS and mapping on Pocket PC
• Bentley (MicroStation)
• Blue Marble Geographics
• C-Map - Digital marine charts
• DeLorme Mapping - Digital maps for PDAs
• ESRI
• Etak, Inc - Digital maps & mapping
• Fieldworker - Mobile data collection with GPS
• Fleet Management Solutions - Asset tracking & wireless vehicle tracking
• Fugawi - PDA & PC-based GPS navigation software
• Giscover - community portal for travel & adventure enthusiasts who use GPS to exchange & download tracks, waypoints, and tour information
• GPS Police - Fleet manegement services in Canada, vehicle tracking
• Introduction to GIS - University of Texas, Dallas
• JT Maps - GIS products
• Manifold Net - Low-cost GIS, with mapping, database and data analysis capabilities
• Micronics - Australian company buidling data loggers, GPS for GIS systems
• Navteq - One of the world's largest digital road map provider
• OziExplorer - PDA & PC-based GPS navigation software
• Pacific Access - Australia's digital road data for ITS and other applications
• Powerloc - PDA-based car navigation software
• Resource Industry Associates (Australia)
• Red Hen Systems - Video Mapping System
• SoftMapTech - GIS software
• TatukGIS - Producer of GIS development toolkit, GIS internet server, and aerial imagery rectification software
• TeleAtlas - One of the world's largest digital road map provider
• ThinkGeo - GIS software
• Todarmal - Handheld GIS software
• Totalpda - PDA megastore
• VitoTechnology - GPS-navigation software for PDAs, Pocket PC, Smartphone, Symbian

• Satellite-Navigation Newsgroup - Subscribe here
• Geomatics/Surveying Newsgroup - Subscribe here
• GNSS.cc - GNSS New Reviews
• GPS FAQ - reviews, forums, articles, and source of information for Garmin, Magellan and other GPS manufacturers
• Canadian Space Geodesy Forum(CANSPACE) Canspace files
• Space Daily
• GPStoday
• Laptop GPS World - New & Reviews of navigation software
• USAF GPS Newsletter - 'GPS for Air & Space Power

LEGAL RESEARCH

Vermont Statutes
http://www.leg.state.us/statutes/statutes2.html

VT Supreme Court Opinions
http://www.dol.state.vt.us/www_root/000000/html/supct.html(VT Reports 161-169)

US Supreme Court Opinions
http://www.supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/index.html(1990 to Present)

Cornell Law Library
http://www.law.cornell.edu

Self Help Law
http://www.nolo.com

Self Help Law
http://www.lectlaw.com

VT Bar Association
http://www.vtbar.org

VT Law School
http://www.vermontlaw.edu

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

Padding are passed to p, h1 and h3.

• Occupational Outlook Surveyors, Technicians — Surveyors, Cartographers, Photogrammetrists, and Surveying Technicians
• World's Most Popular GPS Information Resource — Mostly for consumer grade gps users
• Surveying Units and Terms — list of units of measure, surveying terms, surveyors' slang and abbreviations
• CIA World Factbook — provides national-level information on countries, territories, and dependencies, but not subnational administrative units within a country.
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Resources — GPS Resources
• Make your own Graph Paper
• FEMA Elevation Certificate and Instructions (pdf format) — Download the revised FEMA Elevation Certificate - mandatory January 01, 2007
• FEMA Elevation Certificate (doc format) — Download the revised FEMA Elevation Certificate - mandatory January 01, 2007
• NGS Datasheet Page — Datasheets, ShapeFiles, Tidal Benchmarks, Recovery Sheets… The Source
• Partial Index to Articles Authored or Co-Authored by Knud E. Hermansen — Aticles by Knud hermansen covering a variety of subjects, all of value to the practicing Land Surveyor
• Set Up a Wireless Network in a Small Office — Microsoft's excellent tutorial on Wireless Network Setup
• NGS Manual- State Plane Coordinate System 1983— The Official NGS Document in pdf format
• BLM 1973 Surveying Manual — If you don't have a hard copy of this manual, read or download a pdf copy here
• Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners and Subdivision of Sections — A retyped copy of the original document in pdf format.. see disclaimer
• Virtual Museum of Surveying — consists of exhibits which cover a variety of topics related to surveying history.
• Museum of Surveying — The Museum of Surveying is the only museum in North America dedicated solely to the surveying and mapping profession.
• Land Surveyor Rules & Regulations — Compiled by Land Surveyors Reference Page - very good reference
• MIT Free Online Courses — Free Surveying, Engineering, Math and Science Classes by MIT
• POB - rpls.com — The first and the best online forum for Professional Land Surveyors
• Surveying and Mediation: New Opportunities in an Old Role — Jerry D. Taylor, P.S., J.D.
• A collection of geodesy and related resources — Michael R. Craymer, Ph.D., Geodetic Survey Division, Geomatics Canada

SURVEYING BLOGS

AUTODESK BLOGS

• Autodesk University Blog (BLAUG)
• Autodesk University Blog (BLAUG)
• Between the Lines
• Beyond the Paper
• Heidi Hewett's Blog
• It’s Alive in the Lab
• Knowledge Base
• Knowledge Base
• Knowledge Base
• LT Unlimited
• Lynn Allen's Blog
• The Dirt
• Through the Interface

SURVEYING IMAGES AND MAPS ONLINE

• Aerolist Photographers Online Photos

• BLM Oregon and Washington GLO Plats

• Digital Globe

• EarthaMaps

• Earth From Space

• Globe Explorer

• Imagery Intelligence Gallery

• Land Survey Information System

• Map of Principal Meridians

• MapQuest

• Maps.com

• MapTech Map Server

• Nebraska State Survey Maps

• NOAA EVP

• TerraFly

• Microsoft TerraServer

• NASA Photo Gallery

• NIMA Geospatial Engine

• National Atlas of the United States

• Terra: The EOS Flagship

• TerraServer.com

• TopoZone

• University of Texas Map Library

• University of Wisconsin Satellite Images

• US Census TIGER Maps

• USGS EROS Center

• USGS GISDATA Map Studio

• USGS Mapping

• Visible Earth

• Yahoo Maps

• Washington Shoreline Aerial Photos

USENET NEWSGROUPS OF INTEREST TO SURVEYORS

• sci.engr.surveying - Surveying Newsgroup
• sci.geo.satellite-nav - GPS Newsgroup
• comp.infosystems.gis - GIS Newsgroup
• sci.engr.civil - Civil Engineering Newsgroup
• comp.cad.autocad - AutoCAD Newsgroup

SATELLITE TRACKING

• Sam Wormley's (Iowa State) GPS/Glosnass Satellite Tracking Page
• NASA Satellite Tracking -- for IBM PC
• Satellite FAQ
• Photos of the GPS Satellites (Block IIa)

• All About GPS - Trimble Navigation Inc. tutorials
• Geographer' s Craft GPS Notes - University of Colorado at Boulder - Peter Dana's overview of the Global Positioning System
• GPSinformation.net - Website with heaps of information, reviews of GPS receivers, links to many other sites
• How Stuff Works - How a GPS Receiver Works
• Introduction to GPS - Originally the John T. Beadles site
• Kowoma's introduction to GPS - Introductory material on how GPS works
• Opensource GL-GPS - Great site to find out all about Open Source GPS receivers
• Satellite Constellations information site
• System GPS - Free informational resource with dedicated to GPS systems
• The GPS Resource Library
• University of New Brunswick, Canada, GPS links page
• Another set of bookmarks to GPS resources, information & turorials

INFORMATION ON GLONASS / GALILEO

MEDIA / BOOKS / MAGAZINES

SOFTWARE FOR GPS

GPS SERVICES

INSTITUTIONS / ORGANISATIONS

• American Congress on Surveying & Mapping(ACSM)
• American Geophysical Union(AGU)
• Australian Institute of Navigation - Organisation promoting the science, practice and development of Navigation
• Australia's National Mapping Division, Geosciences Australia (formerly AUSLIG), Geodesy - Australian government agency responsible for geodetic matters
• Canadian Institute of Geomatics
• Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI), Munich, Germany
• Geomatics Canada
• GeoForschungsZentrum(GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
• Geographical Survey Institute (GSI), Japan
• German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy(BKG, Division of Geodesy)
• GPS Society Inc. (Australia)
• Institution of Engineers, Australia
• Institution of Surveyors, NSW Inc. - Professional organisation which represents surveying professionals in NSW
• International Association of Geodesy (IAG)
• International Cartographic Association
• International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) - International body that represents all surveying disciplines
• International Geographic Union
• International GNSS Society - Organisation responsible for running the biennial "SatNav" conferences in Australia
• International Hydrographic Office(IHO)
• International Society of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing (ISPRS)
• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics(IUGG)
• Land & Property Information - Government department dealing with land & mapping matters in the state of N.S.W.
• Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)
• National Marine Electronics Association
• Spatial Sciences Institute, Australia
• The Australian Hydrographic Office
• The Hydrographic Society
• The Hydrographic Society(Australasian Branch)
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE)
• US Coast Guard Navigation Information Service
• US Federal Aviation Authority(FAA)
• US Geological Survey
• US Institute of Navigation
• US National Geodetic Survey

DGPS SERVICE PROVIDERS

COMPANIES

GPS RESEARCH: UNIVERSITIES